Algorithme de suppression inversée pour l'arbre couvrant minimum

Algorithme de suppression inversée pour l'arbre couvrant minimum
Essayez-le sur GfG Practice Algorithme de suppression inversée pour l #practiceLinkDiv { display : aucun !important; }

L'algorithme de suppression inversée est étroitement lié à L'algorithme de Kruskal . Dans l'algorithme de Kruskal, ce que nous faisons est de : Trier les arêtes par ordre croissant de leurs poids. Après le tri, nous sélectionnons les bords un par un par ordre croissant. Nous incluons l'arête actuelle sélectionnée si, en l'incluant dans l'arbre couvrant, nous ne formons aucun cycle jusqu'à ce qu'il y ait des arêtes V-1 dans l'arbre couvrant où V = nombre de sommets.

Dans l'algorithme Reverse Supprimer, nous trions toutes les arêtes dans décroissant ordre de leurs poids. Après le tri, nous sélectionnons les bords un par un par ordre décroissant. Nous inclure le bord sélectionné actuel si l'exclusion du bord actuel entraîne une déconnexion dans le graphique actuel . L'idée principale est de supprimer le bord si sa suppression n'entraîne pas la déconnexion du graphique.

L'algorithme :

  1. Triez toutes les arêtes du graphique par ordre non croissant de poids des arêtes.
  2. Initialisez MST en tant que graphique d'origine et supprimez les arêtes supplémentaires à l'aide de l'étape 3.
  3. Choisissez le bord le plus lourd parmi les bords restants et vérifiez si la suppression du bord déconnecte le graphique ou non .
     En cas de déconnexion, nous ne supprimons pas le bord.
    Sinon, nous supprimons le bord et continuons. 

Illustration:  

Comprenons avec l'exemple suivant :

inverser la suppression2


Si nous supprimons le bord de poids le plus élevé du poids 14, le graphique ne se déconnecte pas, nous le supprimons donc. 
 

inverser la suppression3


Ensuite, nous supprimons 11 car sa suppression ne déconnecte pas le graphique. 
 

inverser la suppression4


Ensuite, nous supprimons 10 car sa suppression ne déconnecte pas le graphique. 
 

inverser la suppression5


Vient ensuite 9. Nous ne pouvons pas supprimer 9 car sa suppression entraîne une déconnexion. 
 


Nous continuons ainsi et les arêtes suivantes restent dans le MST final. 

 Edges in MST   
(3 4)
(0 7)
(2 3)
(2 5)
(0 1)
(5 6)
(2 8)
(6 7)

Note : Dans le cas d’arêtes de même poids, nous pouvons choisir n’importe quelle arête de même poids.

Pratique recommandée Algorithme de suppression inversée pour l'arbre couvrant minimum Essayez-le !

Mise en œuvre:

C++
   // C++ program to find Minimum Spanning Tree   // of a graph using Reverse Delete Algorithm   #include       using     namespace     std  ;   // Creating shortcut for an integer pair   typedef     pair   <  int       int  >     iPair  ;   // Graph class represents a directed graph   // using adjacency list representation   class     Graph   {      int     V  ;     // No. of vertices      list   <  int  >     *  adj  ;      vector   <     pair   <  int       iPair  >     >     edges  ;      void     DFS  (  int     v       bool     visited  []);   public  :      Graph  (  int     V  );     // Constructor      // function to add an edge to graph      void     addEdge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  );      // Returns true if graph is connected      bool     isConnected  ();      void     reverseDeleteMST  ();   };   Graph  ::  Graph  (  int     V  )   {      this  ->  V     =     V  ;      adj     =     new     list   <  int  >  [  V  ];   }   void     Graph  ::  addEdge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  )   {      adj  [  u  ].  push_back  (  v  );     // Add w to v’s list.      adj  [  v  ].  push_back  (  u  );     // Add w to v’s list.      edges  .  push_back  ({  w       {  u       v  }});   }   void     Graph  ::  DFS  (  int     v       bool     visited  [])   {      // Mark the current node as visited and print it      visited  [  v  ]     =     true  ;      // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to      // this vertex      list   <  int  >::  iterator     i  ;      for     (  i     =     adj  [  v  ].  begin  ();     i     !=     adj  [  v  ].  end  ();     ++  i  )      if     (  !  visited  [  *  i  ])      DFS  (  *  i       visited  );   }   // Returns true if given graph is connected else false   bool     Graph  ::  isConnected  ()   {      bool     visited  [  V  ];      memset  (  visited       false       sizeof  (  visited  ));      // Find all reachable vertices from first vertex      DFS  (  0       visited  );      // If set of reachable vertices includes all      // return true.      for     (  int     i  =  1  ;     i   <  V  ;     i  ++  )      if     (  visited  [  i  ]     ==     false  )      return     false  ;      return     true  ;   }   // This function assumes that edge (u v)   // exists in graph or not   void     Graph  ::  reverseDeleteMST  ()   {      // Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost      sort  (  edges  .  begin  ()     edges  .  end  ());      int     mst_wt     =     0  ;     // Initialize weight of MST      cout      < <     'Edges in MST  n  '  ;      // Iterate through all sorted edges in      // decreasing order of weights      for     (  int     i  =  edges  .  size  ()  -1  ;     i  >=  0  ;     i  --  )      {      int     u     =     edges  [  i  ].  second  .  first  ;      int     v     =     edges  [  i  ].  second  .  second  ;      // Remove edge from undirected graph      adj  [  u  ].  remove  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  remove  (  u  );      // Adding the edge back if removing it      // causes disconnection. In this case this       // edge becomes part of MST.      if     (  isConnected  ()     ==     false  )      {      adj  [  u  ].  push_back  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  push_back  (  u  );      // This edge is part of MST      cout      < <     '('      < <     u      < <     ' '      < <     v      < <     ')   n  '  ;      mst_wt     +=     edges  [  i  ].  first  ;      }      }      cout      < <     'Total weight of MST is '      < <     mst_wt  ;   }   // Driver code   int     main  ()   {      // create the graph given in above figure      int     V     =     9  ;      Graph     g  (  V  );      // making above shown graph      g  .  addEdge  (  0       1       4  );      g  .  addEdge  (  0       7       8  );      g  .  addEdge  (  1       2       8  );      g  .  addEdge  (  1       7       11  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       3       7  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       8       2  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       5       4  );      g  .  addEdge  (  3       4       9  );      g  .  addEdge  (  3       5       14  );      g  .  addEdge  (  4       5       10  );      g  .  addEdge  (  5       6       2  );      g  .  addEdge  (  6       7       1  );      g  .  addEdge  (  6       8       6  );      g  .  addEdge  (  7       8       7  );      g  .  reverseDeleteMST  ();      return     0  ;   }   
Java
   // Java program to find Minimum Spanning Tree   // of a graph using Reverse Delete Algorithm   import     java.util.*  ;   // class to represent an edge   class   Edge     implements     Comparable   <  Edge  >     {      int     u       v       w  ;      Edge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  )      {      this  .  u     =     u  ;      this  .  w     =     w  ;      this  .  v     =     v  ;      }      public     int     compareTo  (  Edge     other  )      {      return     (  this  .  w     -     other  .  w  );      }   }   // Class to represent a graph using adjacency list   // representation   public     class   GFG     {      private     int     V  ;     // No. of vertices      private     List   <  Integer  >[]     adj  ;      private     List   <  Edge  >     edges  ;      @SuppressWarnings  ({     'unchecked'       'deprecated'     })      public     GFG  (  int     v  )     // Constructor      {      V     =     v  ;      adj     =     new     ArrayList  [  v  ]  ;      for     (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     v  ;     i  ++  )      adj  [  i  ]     =     new     ArrayList   <  Integer  >  ();      edges     =     new     ArrayList   <  Edge  >  ();      }      // function to Add an edge      public     void     AddEdge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  )      {      adj  [  u  ]  .  add  (  v  );     // Add w to v’s list.      adj  [  v  ]  .  add  (  u  );     // Add w to v’s list.      edges  .  add  (  new     Edge  (  u       v       w  ));      }      // function to perform dfs      private     void     DFS  (  int     v       boolean  []     visited  )      {      // Mark the current node as visited and print it      visited  [  v  ]     =     true  ;      // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to      // this vertex      for     (  int     i     :     adj  [  v  ]  )     {      if     (  !  visited  [  i  ]  )      DFS  (  i       visited  );      }      }      // Returns true if given graph is connected else false      private     boolean     IsConnected  ()      {      boolean  []     visited     =     new     boolean  [  V  ]  ;      // Find all reachable vertices from first vertex      DFS  (  0       visited  );      // If set of reachable vertices includes all      // return true.      for     (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     V  ;     i  ++  )     {      if     (  visited  [  i  ]     ==     false  )      return     false  ;      }      return     true  ;      }      // This function assumes that edge (u v)      // exists in graph or not      public     void     ReverseDeleteMST  ()      {      // Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost      Collections  .  sort  (  edges  );      int     mst_wt     =     0  ;     // Initialize weight of MST      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Edges in MST'  );      // Iterate through all sorted edges in      // decreasing order of weights      for     (  int     i     =     edges  .  size  ()     -     1  ;     i     >=     0  ;     i  --  )     {      int     u     =     edges  .  get  (  i  ).  u  ;      int     v     =     edges  .  get  (  i  ).  v  ;      // Remove edge from undirected graph      adj  [  u  ]  .  remove  (  adj  [  u  ]  .  indexOf  (  v  ));      adj  [  v  ]  .  remove  (  adj  [  v  ]  .  indexOf  (  u  ));      // Adding the edge back if removing it      // causes disconnection. In this case this      // edge becomes part of MST.      if     (  IsConnected  ()     ==     false  )     {      adj  [  u  ]  .  add  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ]  .  add  (  u  );      // This edge is part of MST      System  .  out  .  println  (  '('     +     u     +     ' '     +     v      +     ')'  );      mst_wt     +=     edges  .  get  (  i  ).  w  ;      }      }      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Total weight of MST is '      +     mst_wt  );      }      // Driver code      public     static     void     main  (  String  []     args  )      {      // create the graph given in above figure      int     V     =     9  ;      GFG     g     =     new     GFG  (  V  );      // making above shown graph      g  .  AddEdge  (  0       1       4  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  0       7       8  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  1       2       8  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  1       7       11  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       3       7  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       8       2  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       5       4  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  3       4       9  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  3       5       14  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  4       5       10  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  5       6       2  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  6       7       1  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  6       8       6  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  7       8       7  );      g  .  ReverseDeleteMST  ();      }   }   // This code is contributed by Prithi_Dey   
Python3
   # Python3 program to find Minimum Spanning Tree   # of a graph using Reverse Delete Algorithm   # Graph class represents a directed graph   # using adjacency list representation   class   Graph  :   def   __init__  (  self     v  ):   # No. of vertices   self  .  v   =   v   self  .  adj   =   [  0  ]   *   v   self  .  edges   =   []   for   i   in   range  (  v  ):   self  .  adj  [  i  ]   =   []   # function to add an edge to graph   def   addEdge  (  self     u  :   int     v  :   int     w  :   int  ):   self  .  adj  [  u  ]  .  append  (  v  )   # Add w to v’s list.   self  .  adj  [  v  ]  .  append  (  u  )   # Add w to v’s list.   self  .  edges  .  append  ((  w     (  u     v  )))   def   dfs  (  self     v  :   int     visited  :   list  ):   # Mark the current node as visited and print it   visited  [  v  ]   =   True   # Recur for all the vertices adjacent to   # this vertex   for   i   in   self  .  adj  [  v  ]:   if   not   visited  [  i  ]:   self  .  dfs  (  i     visited  )   # Returns true if graph is connected   # Returns true if given graph is connected else false   def   connected  (  self  ):   visited   =   [  False  ]   *   self  .  v   # Find all reachable vertices from first vertex   self  .  dfs  (  0     visited  )   # If set of reachable vertices includes all   # return true.   for   i   in   range  (  1     self  .  v  ):   if   not   visited  [  i  ]:   return   False   return   True   # This function assumes that edge (u v)   # exists in graph or not   def   reverseDeleteMST  (  self  ):   # Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost   self  .  edges  .  sort  (  key   =   lambda   a  :   a  [  0  ])   mst_wt   =   0   # Initialize weight of MST   print  (  'Edges in MST'  )   # Iterate through all sorted edges in   # decreasing order of weights   for   i   in   range  (  len  (  self  .  edges  )   -   1     -  1     -  1  ):   u   =   self  .  edges  [  i  ][  1  ][  0  ]   v   =   self  .  edges  [  i  ][  1  ][  1  ]   # Remove edge from undirected graph   self  .  adj  [  u  ]  .  remove  (  v  )   self  .  adj  [  v  ]  .  remove  (  u  )   # Adding the edge back if removing it   # causes disconnection. In this case this   # edge becomes part of MST.   if   self  .  connected  ()   ==   False  :   self  .  adj  [  u  ]  .  append  (  v  )   self  .  adj  [  v  ]  .  append  (  u  )   # This edge is part of MST   print  (  '(   %d     %d   )'   %   (  u     v  ))   mst_wt   +=   self  .  edges  [  i  ][  0  ]   print  (  'Total weight of MST is'     mst_wt  )   # Driver Code   if   __name__   ==   '__main__'  :   # create the graph given in above figure   V   =   9   g   =   Graph  (  V  )   # making above shown graph   g  .  addEdge  (  0     1     4  )   g  .  addEdge  (  0     7     8  )   g  .  addEdge  (  1     2     8  )   g  .  addEdge  (  1     7     11  )   g  .  addEdge  (  2     3     7  )   g  .  addEdge  (  2     8     2  )   g  .  addEdge  (  2     5     4  )   g  .  addEdge  (  3     4     9  )   g  .  addEdge  (  3     5     14  )   g  .  addEdge  (  4     5     10  )   g  .  addEdge  (  5     6     2  )   g  .  addEdge  (  6     7     1  )   g  .  addEdge  (  6     8     6  )   g  .  addEdge  (  7     8     7  )   g  .  reverseDeleteMST  ()   # This code is contributed by   # sanjeev2552   
C#
   // C# program to find Minimum Spanning Tree   // of a graph using Reverse Delete Algorithm   using     System  ;   using     System.Collections.Generic  ;   // class to represent an edge   public     class     Edge     :     IComparable   <  Edge  >     {      public     int     u       v       w  ;      public     Edge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  )      {      this  .  u     =     u  ;      this  .  v     =     v  ;      this  .  w     =     w  ;      }      public     int     CompareTo  (  Edge     other  )      {      return     this  .  w  .  CompareTo  (  other  .  w  );      }   }   // Graph class represents a directed graph   // using adjacency list representation   public     class     Graph     {      private     int     V  ;     // No. of vertices      private     List   <  int  >  []     adj  ;      private     List   <  Edge  >     edges  ;      public     Graph  (  int     v  )     // Constructor      {      V     =     v  ;      adj     =     new     List   <  int  >  [     v     ];      for     (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     v  ;     i  ++  )      adj  [  i  ]     =     new     List   <  int  >  ();      edges     =     new     List   <  Edge  >  ();      }      // function to Add an edge      public     void     AddEdge  (  int     u       int     v       int     w  )      {      adj  [  u  ].  Add  (  v  );     // Add w to v’s list.      adj  [  v  ].  Add  (  u  );     // Add w to v’s list.      edges  .  Add  (  new     Edge  (  u       v       w  ));      }      // function to perform dfs      private     void     DFS  (  int     v       bool  []     visited  )      {      // Mark the current node as visited and print it      visited  [  v  ]     =     true  ;      // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to      // this vertex      foreach  (  int     i     in     adj  [  v  ])      {      if     (  !  visited  [  i  ])      DFS  (  i       visited  );      }      }      // Returns true if given graph is connected else false      private     bool     IsConnected  ()      {      bool  []     visited     =     new     bool  [  V  ];      // Find all reachable vertices from first vertex      DFS  (  0       visited  );      // If set of reachable vertices includes all      // return true.      for     (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     V  ;     i  ++  )     {      if     (  visited  [  i  ]     ==     false  )      return     false  ;      }      return     true  ;      }      // This function assumes that edge (u v)      // exists in graph or not      public     void     ReverseDeleteMST  ()      {      // Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost      edges  .  Sort  ();      int     mst_wt     =     0  ;     // Initialize weight of MST      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Edges in MST'  );      // Iterate through all sorted edges in      // decreasing order of weights      for     (  int     i     =     edges  .  Count     -     1  ;     i     >=     0  ;     i  --  )     {      int     u     =     edges  [  i  ].  u  ;      int     v     =     edges  [  i  ].  v  ;      // Remove edge from undirected graph      adj  [  u  ].  Remove  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  Remove  (  u  );      // Adding the edge back if removing it      // causes disconnection. In this case this      // edge becomes part of MST.      if     (  IsConnected  ()     ==     false  )     {      adj  [  u  ].  Add  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  Add  (  u  );      // This edge is part of MST      Console  .  WriteLine  (  '({0} {1})'       u       v  );      mst_wt     +=     edges  [  i  ].  w  ;      }      }      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Total weight of MST is {0}'        mst_wt  );      }   }   class     GFG     {      // Driver code      static     void     Main  (  string  []     args  )      {      // create the graph given in above figure      int     V     =     9  ;      Graph     g     =     new     Graph  (  V  );      // making above shown graph      g  .  AddEdge  (  0       1       4  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  0       7       8  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  1       2       8  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  1       7       11  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       3       7  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       8       2  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  2       5       4  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  3       4       9  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  3       5       14  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  4       5       10  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  5       6       2  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  6       7       1  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  6       8       6  );      g  .  AddEdge  (  7       8       7  );      g  .  ReverseDeleteMST  ();      }   }   // This code is contributed by cavi4762   
JavaScript
   // Javascript program to find Minimum Spanning Tree   // of a graph using Reverse Delete Algorithm   // Graph class represents a directed graph   // using adjacency list representation   class     Graph     {      // Constructor      constructor  (  V  )     {      this  .  V     =     V  ;      this  .  adj     =     [];      this  .  edges     =     [];      for     (  let     i     =     0  ;     i      <     V  ;     i  ++  )     {      this  .  adj  [  i  ]     =     [];      }      }          // function to add an edge to graph      addEdge  (  u       v       w  )     {      this  .  adj  [  u  ].  push  (  v  );  // Add w to v’s list.      this  .  adj  [  v  ].  push  (  u  );  // Add w to v’s list.      this  .  edges  .  push  ([  w       [  u       v  ]]);      }      DFS  (  v       visited  )     {      // Mark the current node as visited and print it      visited  [  v  ]     =     true  ;      for     (  const     i     of     this  .  adj  [  v  ])     {      if     (  !  visited  [  i  ])     {      this  .  DFS  (  i       visited  );      }      }      }      // Returns true if given graph is connected else false      isConnected  ()     {      const     visited     =     [];      for     (  let     i     =     0  ;     i      <     this  .  V  ;     i  ++  )     {      visited  [  i  ]     =     false  ;      }          // Find all reachable vertices from first vertex      this  .  DFS  (  0       visited  );          // If set of reachable vertices includes all      // return true.      for     (  let     i     =     1  ;     i      <     this  .  V  ;     i  ++  )     {      if     (  !  visited  [  i  ])     {      return     false  ;      }      }      return     true  ;      }      // This function assumes that edge (u v)      // exists in graph or not      reverseDeleteMST  ()     {          // Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost      this  .  edges  .  sort  ((  a       b  )     =>     a  [  0  ]     -     b  [  0  ]);          let     mstWt     =     0  ;  // Initialize weight of MST          console  .  log  (  'Edges in MST'  );          // Iterate through all sorted edges in      // decreasing order of weights      for     (  let     i     =     this  .  edges  .  length     -     1  ;     i     >=     0  ;     i  --  )     {      const     [  u       v  ]     =     this  .  edges  [  i  ][  1  ];          // Remove edge from undirected graph      this  .  adj  [  u  ]     =     this  .  adj  [  u  ].  filter  (  x     =>     x     !==     v  );      this  .  adj  [  v  ]     =     this  .  adj  [  v  ].  filter  (  x     =>     x     !==     u  );          // Adding the edge back if removing it      // causes disconnection. In this case this       // edge becomes part of MST.      if     (  !  this  .  isConnected  ())     {      this  .  adj  [  u  ].  push  (  v  );      this  .  adj  [  v  ].  push  (  u  );          // This edge is part of MST      console  .  log  (  `(  ${  u  }     ${  v  }  )`  );      mstWt     +=     this  .  edges  [  i  ][  0  ];      }      }      console  .  log  (  `Total weight of MST is   ${  mstWt  }  `  );      }   }   // Driver code   function     main  ()   {      // create the graph given in above figure      var     V     =     9  ;      var     g     =     new     Graph  (  V  );      // making above shown graph      g  .  addEdge  (  0       1       4  );      g  .  addEdge  (  0       7       8  );      g  .  addEdge  (  1       2       8  );      g  .  addEdge  (  1       7       11  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       3       7  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       8       2  );      g  .  addEdge  (  2       5       4  );      g  .  addEdge  (  3       4       9  );      g  .  addEdge  (  3       5       14  );      g  .  addEdge  (  4       5       10  );      g  .  addEdge  (  5       6       2  );      g  .  addEdge  (  6       7       1  );      g  .  addEdge  (  6       8       6  );      g  .  addEdge  (  7       8       7  );      g  .  reverseDeleteMST  ();   }   main  ();   

Sortir
Edges in MST (3 4) (0 7) (2 3) (2 5) (0 1) (5 6) (2 8) (6 7) Total weight of MST is 37  

Complexité temporelle : O((E*(V+E)) + E log E) où E est le nombre d’arêtes.

Complexité spatiale : O(V+E) où V est le nombre de sommets et E est le nombre d’arêtes. Nous utilisons une liste de contiguïté pour stocker le graphique, nous avons donc besoin d'un espace proportionnel à O(V+E).

Remarques : 

  1. L'implémentation ci-dessus est une implémentation simple/naïve de l'algorithme Reverse Delete et peut être optimisée pour O(E log V (log log V) 3 ) [Source : Une semaine ]. Mais cette complexité temporelle optimisée est encore inférieure à Prim et Kruskal Algorithmes pour MST.
  2. L'implémentation ci-dessus modifie le graphique d'origine. Nous pouvons créer une copie du graphique si le graphique original doit être conservé.

 

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