Enterpolasyon Araması

n tane düzgün dağılmış değerden oluşan sıralanmış bir dizi verildiğinde arr[] dizideki belirli bir x öğesini arayacak bir fonksiyon yazın. 
Doğrusal Arama, öğeyi O(n) zamanında bulur Atla Arama O(n) zaman alır ve İkili Arama O(log n) zaman alır. 
İnterpolasyon Araması, İkili Arama örneğin sıralanmış bir dizideki değerlerin eşit şekilde dağıtıldığı durumlar. Enterpolasyon, ayrı bir bilinen veri noktaları kümesi aralığı içinde yeni veri noktaları oluşturur. İkili Arama kontrol etmek için her zaman ortadaki öğeye gider. Öte yandan enterpolasyon araması, aranan anahtarın değerine göre farklı konumlara gidebilir. Örneğin, anahtarın değeri son öğeye daha yakınsa, enterpolasyon araması muhtemelen son tarafa doğru aramayı başlatacaktır.
Aranacak konumu bulmak için aşağıdaki formülü kullanır. 

// Formülün amacı konumun daha yüksek değerini döndürmektir
// aranacak öğe arr[hi]'ye yakın olduğunda. Ve
// arr[lo]'ya yaklaşıldığında daha küçük değer

arr[] ==> Öğelerin aranması gereken dizi

x     ==> Aranacak öğe

lo    ==> arr[]'da dizin başlatılıyor

merhaba    ==> dizini arr[]'da sonlandırılıyor

sonra = +               

Birçok farklı enterpolasyon yöntemi vardır ve bunlardan biri doğrusal enterpolasyon olarak bilinir. Doğrusal enterpolasyon (x1y1) ve (x2y2) olarak varsaydığımız iki veri noktasını alır ve formül :  (xy) noktasındadır.

Bu algoritma, sözlükte bir kelimeyi aradığımız şekilde çalışır. Enterpolasyon arama algoritması ikili arama algoritmasını geliştirir.  Bir değer bulmanın formülü şöyledir: K = > K, arama uzayını daraltmak için kullanılan bir sabittir. İkili arama durumunda bu sabitin değeri şöyledir: K=(düşük+yüksek)/2.

  

Pos formülü aşağıdaki gibi türetilebilir.

 Let's assume that the elements of the array are linearly distributed.    

General equation of line : y = m*x + c.
y is the value in the array and x is its index.

Now putting value of lohi and x in the equation
arr[hi] = m*hi+c ----(1)
arr[lo] = m*lo+c ----(2)
x = m*pos + c ----(3)

m = (arr[hi] - arr[lo] )/ (hi - lo)

subtracting eqxn (2) from (3)
x - arr[lo] = m * (pos - lo)
lo + (x - arr[lo])/m = pos
pos = lo + (x - arr[lo]) *(hi - lo)/(arr[hi] - arr[lo])

Algoritma  
Enterpolasyon algoritmasının geri kalanı, yukarıdaki bölümleme mantığı dışında aynıdır. 

  • Adım 1: Bir döngüde prob konumu formülünü kullanarak 'pos' değerini hesaplayın. 
  • Adım2: Eşleşme ise öğenin dizinini döndürün ve çıkın. 
  • 3. Adım: Öğe arr[pos]'tan küçükse, sol alt dizinin prob konumunu hesaplayın. Aksi takdirde aynısını sağ alt dizide hesaplayın. 
  • Adım4: Bir eşleşme bulunana veya alt dizi sıfıra düşene kadar tekrarlayın.


Algoritmanın uygulamasını aşağıda bulabilirsiniz. 

C++
   // C++ program to implement interpolation   // search with recursion   #include          using     namespace     std  ;   // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns   // index of it else returns -1.   int     interpolationSearch  (  int     arr  []     int     lo       int     hi       int     x  )   {      int     pos  ;      // Since array is sorted an element present      // in array must be in range defined by corner      if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  hi  ])     {      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo      +     (((  double  )(  hi     -     lo  )     /     (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]))      *     (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]));      // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )      return     pos  ;      // If x is larger x is in right sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1       hi       x  );      // If x is smaller x is in left sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       pos     -     1       x  );      }      return     -1  ;   }   // Driver Code   int     main  ()   {      // Array of items on which search will      // be conducted.      int     arr  []     =     {     10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21        22       23       24       33       35       42       47     };      int     n     =     sizeof  (  arr  )     /     sizeof  (  arr  [  0  ]);      // Element to be searched      int     x     =     18  ;      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );      // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -1  )      cout      < <     'Element found at index '      < <     index  ;      else      cout      < <     'Element not found.'  ;      return     0  ;   }   // This code is contributed by equbalzeeshan   
C
   // C program to implement interpolation search   // with recursion   #include         // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns   // index of it else returns -1.   int     interpolationSearch  (  int     arr  []     int     lo       int     hi       int     x  )   {      int     pos  ;      // Since array is sorted an element present      // in array must be in range defined by corner      if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  hi  ])     {      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo      +     (((  double  )(  hi     -     lo  )     /     (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]))      *     (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]));      // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )      return     pos  ;      // If x is larger x is in right sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1       hi       x  );      // If x is smaller x is in left sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       pos     -     1       x  );      }      return     -1  ;   }   // Driver Code   int     main  ()   {      // Array of items on which search will      // be conducted.      int     arr  []     =     {     10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21        22       23       24       33       35       42       47     };      int     n     =     sizeof  (  arr  )     /     sizeof  (  arr  [  0  ]);      int     x     =     18  ;     // Element to be searched      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );      // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -1  )      printf  (  'Element found at index %d'       index  );      else      printf  (  'Element not found.'  );      return     0  ;   }   
Java
   // Java program to implement interpolation   // search with recursion   import     java.util.*  ;   class   GFG     {      // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns      // index of it else returns -1.      public     static     int     interpolationSearch  (  int     arr  []       int     lo        int     hi       int     x  )      {      int     pos  ;      // Since array is sorted an element      // present in array must be in range      // defined by corner      if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  hi  ]  )     {      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo      +     (((  hi     -     lo  )     /     (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]  ))      *     (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]  ));      // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )      return     pos  ;      // If x is larger x is in right sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1       hi        x  );      // If x is smaller x is in left sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       pos     -     1        x  );      }      return     -  1  ;      }      // Driver Code      public     static     void     main  (  String  []     args  )      {      // Array of items on which search will      // be conducted.      int     arr  []     =     {     10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21        22       23       24       33       35       42       47     };      int     n     =     arr  .  length  ;      // Element to be searched      int     x     =     18  ;      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );      // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -  1  )      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Element found at index '      +     index  );      else      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Element not found.'  );      }   }   // This code is contributed by equbalzeeshan   
Python
   # Python3 program to implement   # interpolation search   # with recursion   # If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then   # returns index of it else returns -1.   def   interpolationSearch  (  arr     lo     hi     x  ):   # Since array is sorted an element present   # in array must be in range defined by corner   if   (  lo    <=   hi   and   x   >=   arr  [  lo  ]   and   x    <=   arr  [  hi  ]):   # Probing the position with keeping   # uniform distribution in mind.   pos   =   lo   +   ((  hi   -   lo  )   //   (  arr  [  hi  ]   -   arr  [  lo  ])   *   (  x   -   arr  [  lo  ]))   # Condition of target found   if   arr  [  pos  ]   ==   x  :   return   pos   # If x is larger x is in right subarray   if   arr  [  pos  ]    <   x  :   return   interpolationSearch  (  arr     pos   +   1     hi     x  )   # If x is smaller x is in left subarray   if   arr  [  pos  ]   >   x  :   return   interpolationSearch  (  arr     lo     pos   -   1     x  )   return   -  1   # Driver code   # Array of items in which   # search will be conducted   arr   =   [  10     12     13     16     18     19     20     21     22     23     24     33     35     42     47  ]   n   =   len  (  arr  )   # Element to be searched   x   =   18   index   =   interpolationSearch  (  arr     0     n   -   1     x  )   if   index   !=   -  1  :   print  (  'Element found at index'     index  )   else  :   print  (  'Element not found'  )   # This code is contributed by Hardik Jain   
C#
   // C# program to implement    // interpolation search   using     System  ;   class     GFG  {   // If x is present in    // arr[0..n-1] then    // returns index of it    // else returns -1.   static     int     interpolationSearch  (  int     []  arr       int     lo           int     hi       int     x  )   {      int     pos  ;          // Since array is sorted an element      // present in array must be in range      // defined by corner      if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&         x      <=     arr  [  hi  ])      {          // Probing the position       // with keeping uniform       // distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo     +     (((  hi     -     lo  )     /         (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]))     *         (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]));      // Condition of       // target found      if  (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )         return     pos  ;             // If x is larger x is in right sub array       if  (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )         return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1        hi       x  );             // If x is smaller x is in left sub array       if  (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  )         return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo           pos     -     1       x  );         }         return     -  1  ;   }   // Driver Code    public     static     void     Main  ()      {          // Array of items on which search will       // be conducted.       int     []  arr     =     new     int  []{     10       12       13       16       18           19       20       21       22       23           24       33       35       42       47     };          // Element to be searched       int     x     =     18  ;         int     n     =     arr  .  Length  ;      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );          // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -  1  )      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Element found at index '     +         index  );      else      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Element not found.'  );   }   }   // This code is contributed by equbalzeeshan   
JavaScript
    <  script  >   // Javascript program to implement Interpolation Search   // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns   // index of it else returns -1.   function     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       hi       x  ){      let     pos  ;          // Since array is sorted an element present      // in array must be in range defined by corner          if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  hi  ])     {          // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo     +     Math  .  floor  (((  hi     -     lo  )     /     (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]))     *     (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]));;          // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  ){      return     pos  ;      }          // If x is larger x is in right sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  ){      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1       hi       x  );      }          // If x is smaller x is in left sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  ){      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       pos     -     1       x  );      }      }      return     -  1  ;   }   // Driver Code   let     arr     =     [  10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21           22       23       24       33       35       42       47  ];   let     n     =     arr  .  length  ;   // Element to be searched   let     x     =     18   let     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );   // If element was found   if     (  index     !=     -  1  ){      document  .  write  (  `Element found at index   ${  index  }  `  )   }  else  {      document  .  write  (  'Element not found'  );   }   // This code is contributed by _saurabh_jaiswal    <  /script>   
PHP
      // PHP program to implement $erpolation search   // with recursion   // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns   // index of it else returns -1.   function   interpolationSearch  (  $arr     $lo     $hi     $x  )   {   // Since array is sorted an element present   // in array must be in range defined by corner   if   (  $lo    <=   $hi   &&   $x   >=   $arr  [  $lo  ]   &&   $x    <=   $arr  [  $hi  ])   {   // Probing the position with keeping   // uniform distribution in mind.   $pos   =   (  int  )(  $lo   +   (((  double  )(  $hi   -   $lo  )   /   (  $arr  [  $hi  ]   -   $arr  [  $lo  ]))   *   (  $x   -   $arr  [  $lo  ])));   // Condition of target found   if   (  $arr  [  $pos  ]   ==   $x  )   return   $pos  ;   // If x is larger x is in right sub array   if   (  $arr  [  $pos  ]    <   $x  )   return   interpolationSearch  (  $arr     $pos   +   1     $hi     $x  );   // If x is smaller x is in left sub array   if   (  $arr  [  $pos  ]   >   $x  )   return   interpolationSearch  (  $arr     $lo     $pos   -   1     $x  );   }   return   -  1  ;   }   // Driver Code   // Array of items on which search will   // be conducted.   $arr   =   array  (  10     12     13     16     18     19     20     21     22     23     24     33     35     42     47  );   $n   =   sizeof  (  $arr  );   $x   =   47  ;   // Element to be searched   $index   =   interpolationSearch  (  $arr     0     $n   -   1     $x  );   // If element was found   if   (  $index   !=   -  1  )   echo   'Element found at index '  .  $index  ;   else   echo   'Element not found.'  ;   return   0  ;   #This code is contributed by Susobhan Akhuli   ?>   

Çıkış
Element found at index 4 

Zaman Karmaşıklığı: O(günlük 2 (kayıt 2 ortalama durum için n)) ve en kötü durum için O(n) 
Yardımcı Alan Karmaşıklığı: Ç(1)

Başka bir yaklaşım: -

Bu enterpolasyon araması için yineleme yaklaşımıdır.

  • Adım 1: Bir döngüde prob konumu formülünü kullanarak 'pos' değerini hesaplayın. 
  • Adım2: Eşleşme ise öğenin dizinini döndürün ve çıkın. 
  • 3. Adım: Öğe arr[pos]'tan küçükse, sol alt dizinin prob konumunu hesaplayın. Aksi takdirde aynısını sağ alt dizide hesaplayın. 
  • Adım4: Bir eşleşme bulunana veya alt dizi sıfıra düşene kadar tekrarlayın.

Algoritmanın uygulamasını aşağıda bulabilirsiniz. 

C++
   // C++ program to implement interpolation search by using iteration approach   #include       using     namespace     std  ;       int     interpolationSearch  (  int     arr  []     int     n       int     x  )   {      // Find indexes of two corners      int     low     =     0       high     =     (  n     -     1  );      // Since array is sorted an element present      // in array must be in range defined by corner      while     (  low      <=     high     &&     x     >=     arr  [  low  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  high  ])      {      if     (  low     ==     high  )      {  if     (  arr  [  low  ]     ==     x  )     return     low  ;      return     -1  ;      }      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      int     pos     =     low     +     (((  double  )(  high     -     low  )     /      (  arr  [  high  ]     -     arr  [  low  ]))     *     (  x     -     arr  [  low  ]));          // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )      return     pos  ;      // If x is larger x is in upper part      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )      low     =     pos     +     1  ;      // If x is smaller x is in the lower part      else      high     =     pos     -     1  ;      }      return     -1  ;   }       // Main function   int     main  ()   {      // Array of items on whighch search will      // be conducted.      int     arr  []     =     {  10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21        22       23       24       33       35       42       47  };      int     n     =     sizeof  (  arr  )  /  sizeof  (  arr  [  0  ]);          int     x     =     18  ;     // Element to be searched      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       n       x  );          // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -1  )      cout      < <     'Element found at index '      < <     index  ;      else      cout      < <     'Element not found.'  ;      return     0  ;   }      //this code contributed by Ajay Singh   
Java
   // Java program to implement interpolation   // search with recursion   import     java.util.*  ;   class   GFG     {      // If x is present in arr[0..n-1] then returns      // index of it else returns -1.      public     static     int     interpolationSearch  (  int     arr  []       int     lo        int     hi       int     x  )      {      int     pos  ;      if     (  lo      <=     hi     &&     x     >=     arr  [  lo  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  hi  ]  )     {      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      pos     =     lo      +     (((  hi     -     lo  )     /     (  arr  [  hi  ]     -     arr  [  lo  ]  ))      *     (  x     -     arr  [  lo  ]  ));      // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )      return     pos  ;      // If x is larger x is in right sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       pos     +     1       hi        x  );      // If x is smaller x is in left sub array      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     >     x  )      return     interpolationSearch  (  arr       lo       pos     -     1        x  );      }      return     -  1  ;      }      // Driver Code      public     static     void     main  (  String  []     args  )      {      // Array of items on which search will      // be conducted.      int     arr  []     =     {     10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21        22       23       24       33       35       42       47     };      int     n     =     arr  .  length  ;      // Element to be searched      int     x     =     18  ;      int     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       0       n     -     1       x  );      // If element was found      if     (  index     !=     -  1  )      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Element found at index '      +     index  );      else      System  .  out  .  println  (  'Element not found.'  );      }   }   
Python
   # Python equivalent of above C++ code    # Python program to implement interpolation search by using iteration approach   def   interpolationSearch  (  arr     n     x  ):   # Find indexes of two corners    low   =   0   high   =   (  n   -   1  )   # Since array is sorted an element present    # in array must be in range defined by corner    while   low    <=   high   and   x   >=   arr  [  low  ]   and   x    <=   arr  [  high  ]:   if   low   ==   high  :   if   arr  [  low  ]   ==   x  :   return   low  ;   return   -  1  ;   # Probing the position with keeping    # uniform distribution in mind.    pos   =   int  (  low   +   (((  float  (  high   -   low  )  /  (   arr  [  high  ]   -   arr  [  low  ]))   *   (  x   -   arr  [  low  ]))))   # Condition of target found    if   arr  [  pos  ]   ==   x  :   return   pos   # If x is larger x is in upper part    if   arr  [  pos  ]    <   x  :   low   =   pos   +   1  ;   # If x is smaller x is in lower part    else  :   high   =   pos   -   1  ;   return   -  1   # Main function   if   __name__   ==   '__main__'  :   # Array of items on whighch search will    # be conducted.   arr   =   [  10     12     13     16     18     19     20     21     22     23     24     33     35     42     47  ]   n   =   len  (  arr  )   x   =   18   # Element to be searched   index   =   interpolationSearch  (  arr     n     x  )   # If element was found   if   index   !=   -  1  :   print   (  'Element found at index'    index  )   else  :   print   (  'Element not found'  )   
C#
   // C# program to implement interpolation search by using   // iteration approach   using     System  ;   class     Program   {      // Interpolation Search function      static     int     InterpolationSearch  (  int  []     arr       int     n       int     x  )      {      int     low     =     0  ;      int     high     =     n     -     1  ;          while     (  low      <=     high     &&     x     >=     arr  [  low  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  high  ])         {      if     (  low     ==     high  )         {      if     (  arr  [  low  ]     ==     x  )         return     low  ;         return     -  1  ;         }          int     pos     =     low     +     (  int  )(((  float  )(  high     -     low  )     /     (  arr  [  high  ]     -     arr  [  low  ]))     *     (  x     -     arr  [  low  ]));          if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )         return     pos  ;             if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )         low     =     pos     +     1  ;             else         high     =     pos     -     1  ;         }          return     -  1  ;      }          // Main function      static     void     Main  (  string  []     args  )      {      int  []     arr     =     {  10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21       22       23       24       33       35       42       47  };      int     n     =     arr  .  Length  ;          int     x     =     18  ;      int     index     =     InterpolationSearch  (  arr       n       x  );          if     (  index     !=     -  1  )         Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Element found at index '     +     index  );      else         Console  .  WriteLine  (  'Element not found'  );      }   }   // This code is contributed by Susobhan Akhuli   
JavaScript
   // JavaScript program to implement interpolation search by using iteration approach   function     interpolationSearch  (  arr       n       x  )     {   // Find indexes of two corners   let     low     =     0  ;   let     high     =     n     -     1  ;   // Since array is sorted an element present   // in array must be in range defined by corner   while     (  low      <=     high     &&     x     >=     arr  [  low  ]     &&     x      <=     arr  [  high  ])     {      if     (  low     ==     high  )     {      if     (  arr  [  low  ]     ==     x  )     {      return     low  ;      }      return     -  1  ;      }      // Probing the position with keeping      // uniform distribution in mind.      let     pos     =     Math  .  floor  (  low     +     (((  high     -     low  )     /     (  arr  [  high  ]     -     arr  [  low  ]))     *     (  x     -     arr  [  low  ])));      // Condition of target found      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]     ==     x  )     {      return     pos  ;      }      // If x is larger x is in upper part      if     (  arr  [  pos  ]      <     x  )     {      low     =     pos     +     1  ;      }      // If x is smaller x is in lower part      else     {      high     =     pos     -     1  ;      }   }   return     -  1  ;   }   // Main function   let     arr     =     [  10       12       13       16       18       19       20       21       22       23       24       33       35       42       47  ];   let     n     =     arr  .  length  ;   let     x     =     18  ;     // Element to be searched   let     index     =     interpolationSearch  (  arr       n       x  );   // If element was found   if     (  index     !=     -  1  )     {   console  .  log  (  'Element found at index'       index  );   }     else     {   console  .  log  (  'Element not found'  );   }   

Çıkış
Element found at index 4 

Zaman Karmaşıklığı: Ortalama durum için O(log2(log2 n)) ve en kötü durum için O(n) 
Yardımcı Alan Karmaşıklığı: Ç(1)