Atrodiet permutāciju, kas izraisa sliktāko apvienošanās gadījumu
Ņemot vērā elementu kopumu, kurš secina, kura šo elementu permutācija radītu sliktākajā apvienošanās gadījumā.
Asimptotiski apvienošanās kārtība vienmēr prasa O (n log n) laiku, bet gadījumiem, kuriem nepieciešami vairāk salīdzinājumu, praksē parasti prasa vairāk laika. Mums principā jāatrod ievades elementu permutācija, kas izraisītu maksimālu salīdzinājumu skaitu, sakārtojot, izmantojot tipisku apvienošanas kārtošanas algoritmu.
Piemērs:
Consider the below set of elements
{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16}
Below permutation of the set causes 153
comparisons.
{1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 2 10 6
14 4 12 8 16}
And an already sorted permutation causes
30 comparisons.Tagad, kā iegūt sliktāko gadījumu, lai iegūtu apvienošanos, lai izveidotu ievades komplektu?
Ļauj mums mēģināt izveidot masīvu no apakšas uz augšu
Ļaujiet sakārtotajam masīvam būt {12345678}.Lai ģenerētu sliktāko apvienošanas gadījumu, šķirošanas darbība, kuras rezultātā tika izveidots iepriekš sakārtots masīvs, būtu jāveic maksimāli salīdzinājumi. Lai to izdarītu, kreisajā un labajā apakšējā masīvā, kas iesaistīts apvienošanas darbībā, jāuzglabā alternatīvi sakārtota masīva elementi. t.i., kreisajai apakšai jābūt {1357}, un labajai apakšrežīm vajadzētu būt {2468}. Tagad katrs masīva elements tiks salīdzināts vienu reizi vienreiz, un tas izraisīs maksimālu salīdzinājumu. Mēs izmantojam to pašu loģiku arī kreisajai un labajai apakšai. Ar masīvu {1357} Sliktākais gadījums būs tad, kad tā kreisā un labā apakšējā daļa ir attiecīgi {15} un {37} un masīvam {2468} Sliktākais gadījums notiks {24} un {68}.
Pilnīgs algoritms -
GenerateWorstCase (arr [])
- Izveidojiet divus papildu masīvus pa kreisi un pa labi un glabājiet tajos alternatīvos masīva elementus.
- Zvanu ģenerāldirektorāts kreisajam apakšam: GenerateWorstCase (pa kreisi)
- Call GenerateWorstCase labajam apakšam: GenerateWorstCase (labajā pusē)
- Kopējiet visus kreisās un labās malas elementus atpakaļ uz oriģinālo masīvu.
Zemāk ir idejas ieviešana
C++C// C++ program to generate Worst Case // of Merge Sort #includeusing namespace std ; // Function to print an array void printArray ( int A [] int size ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++ ) { cout < < A [ i ] < < ' ' ; } cout < < endl ; } // Function to join left and right subarray int join ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) arr [ i ] = left [ i ]; for ( int j = 0 ; j < r - m ; j ++ ) { arr [ i + j ] = right [ j ]; } } // Function to store alternate elements in // left and right subarray int split ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) left [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 ]; for ( int i = 0 ; i < r - m ; i ++ ) right [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 + 1 ]; } // Function to generate Worst Case // of Merge Sort int generateWorstCase ( int arr [] int l int r ) { if ( l < r ) { int m = l + ( r - l ) / 2 ; // Create two auxiliary arrays int left [ m - l + 1 ]; int right [ r - m ]; // Store alternate array elements // in left and right subarray split ( arr left right l m r ); // Recurse first and second halves generateWorstCase ( left l m ); generateWorstCase ( right m + 1 r ); // Join left and right subarray join ( arr left right l m r ); } } // Driver code int main () { // Sorted array int arr [] = { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 }; int n = sizeof ( arr ) / sizeof ( arr [ 0 ]); cout < < 'Sorted array is n ' ; printArray ( arr n ); // Generate Worst Case of Merge Sort generateWorstCase ( arr 0 n - 1 ); cout < < ' n Input array that will result ' < < 'in worst case of merge sort is n ' ; printArray ( arr n ); return 0 ; } // This code is contributed by Mayank Tyagi Java// C program to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort #include#include // Function to print an array void printArray ( int A [] int size ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++ ) printf ( '%d ' A [ i ]); printf ( ' n ' ); } // Function to join left and right subarray int join ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { int i ; // Used in second loop for ( i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) arr [ i ] = left [ i ]; for ( int j = 0 ; j < r - m ; j ++ ) arr [ i + j ] = right [ j ]; } // Function to store alternate elements in left // and right subarray int split ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) left [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 ]; for ( int i = 0 ; i < r - m ; i ++ ) right [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 + 1 ]; } // Function to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort int generateWorstCase ( int arr [] int l int r ) { if ( l < r ) { int m = l + ( r - l ) / 2 ; // create two auxiliary arrays int left [ m - l + 1 ]; int right [ r - m ]; // Store alternate array elements in left // and right subarray split ( arr left right l m r ); // Recurse first and second halves generateWorstCase ( left l m ); generateWorstCase ( right m + 1 r ); // join left and right subarray join ( arr left right l m r ); } } // Driver code int main () { // Sorted array int arr [] = { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 }; int n = sizeof ( arr ) / sizeof ( arr [ 0 ]); printf ( 'Sorted array is n ' ); printArray ( arr n ); // generate Worst Case of Merge Sort generateWorstCase ( arr 0 n - 1 ); printf ( ' n Input array that will result in ' 'worst case of merge sort is n ' ); printArray ( arr n ); return 0 ; } Python// Java program to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort import java.util.Arrays ; class GFG { // Function to join left and right subarray static void join ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) arr [ i ] = left [ i ] ; for ( int j = 0 ; j < r - m ; j ++ ) arr [ i + j ] = right [ j ] ; } // Function to store alternate elements in left // and right subarray static void split ( int arr [] int left [] int right [] int l int m int r ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) left [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 ] ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < r - m ; i ++ ) right [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 + 1 ] ; } // Function to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort static void generateWorstCase ( int arr [] int l int r ) { if ( l < r ) { int m = l + ( r - l ) / 2 ; // create two auxiliary arrays int [] left = new int [ m - l + 1 ] ; int [] right = new int [ r - m ] ; // Store alternate array elements in left // and right subarray split ( arr left right l m r ); // Recurse first and second halves generateWorstCase ( left l m ); generateWorstCase ( right m + 1 r ); // join left and right subarray join ( arr left right l m r ); } } // driver program public static void main ( String [] args ) { // sorted array int arr [] = { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 }; int n = arr . length ; System . out . println ( 'Sorted array is' ); System . out . println ( Arrays . toString ( arr )); // generate Worst Case of Merge Sort generateWorstCase ( arr 0 n - 1 ); System . out . println ( 'nInput array that will result in n' + 'worst case of merge sort is n' ); System . out . println ( Arrays . toString ( arr )); } } // Contributed by Pramod KumarC## Python program to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort # Function to join left and right subarray def join ( arr left right l m r ): i = 0 ; for i in range ( m - l + 1 ): arr [ i ] = left [ i ]; i += 1 ; for j in range ( r - m ): arr [ i + j ] = right [ j ]; # Function to store alternate elements in left # and right subarray def split ( arr left right l m r ): for i in range ( m - l + 1 ): left [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 ]; for i in range ( r - m ): right [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 + 1 ]; # Function to generate Worst Case of Merge Sort def generateWorstCase ( arr l r ): if ( l < r ): m = l + ( r - l ) // 2 ; # create two auxiliary arrays left = [ 0 for i in range ( m - l + 1 )]; right = [ 0 for i in range ( r - m )]; # Store alternate array elements in left # and right subarray split ( arr left right l m r ); # Recurse first and second halves generateWorstCase ( left l m ); generateWorstCase ( right m + 1 r ); # join left and right subarray join ( arr left right l m r ); # driver program if __name__ == '__main__' : # sorted array arr = [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ]; n = len ( arr ); print ( 'Sorted array is' ); print ( arr ); # generate Worst Case of Merge Sort generateWorstCase ( arr 0 n - 1 ); print ( ' n Input array that will result in n ' + 'worst case of merge sort is ' ); print ( arr ); # This code contributed by shikhasingrajputJavaScript// C# program to generate Worst Case of // Merge Sort using System ; class GFG { // Function to join left and right subarray static void join ( int [] arr int [] left int [] right int l int m int r ) { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) arr [ i ] = left [ i ]; for ( int j = 0 ; j < r - m ; j ++ ) arr [ i + j ] = right [ j ]; } // Function to store alternate elements in // left and right subarray static void split ( int [] arr int [] left int [] right int l int m int r ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i <= m - l ; i ++ ) left [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 ]; for ( int i = 0 ; i < r - m ; i ++ ) right [ i ] = arr [ i * 2 + 1 ]; } // Function to generate Worst Case of // Merge Sort static void generateWorstCase ( int [] arr int l int r ) { if ( l < r ) { int m = l + ( r - l ) / 2 ; // create two auxiliary arrays int [] left = new int [ m - l + 1 ]; int [] right = new int [ r - m ]; // Store alternate array elements // in left and right subarray split ( arr left right l m r ); // Recurse first and second halves generateWorstCase ( left l m ); generateWorstCase ( right m + 1 r ); // join left and right subarray join ( arr left right l m r ); } } // driver program public static void Main () { // sorted array int [] arr = { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 }; int n = arr . Length ; Console . Write ( 'Sorted array isn' ); for ( int i = 0 ; i < n ; i ++ ) Console . Write ( arr [ i ] + ' ' ); // generate Worst Case of Merge Sort generateWorstCase ( arr 0 n - 1 ); Console . Write ( 'nInput array that will ' + 'result in n worst case of' + ' merge sort is n' ); for ( int i = 0 ; i < n ; i ++ ) Console . Write ( arr [ i ] + ' ' ); } } // This code is contributed by SmithaIzlaide:
Sorted array is
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Input array that will result in worst
case of merge sort is
1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 2 10 6 14 4 12 8 16Laika sarežģītība: O (n logn)
Palīgtelpa: O (n)
Atsauces - Kaudzes pārplūde
