Minimax algoritmas žaidimų teorijoje | 5 rinkinys (Zobrist Hashing)
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Zobrist Hashing yra maišos funkcija, plačiai naudojama dviejų žaidėjų stalo žaidimuose. Tai dažniausiai naudojama maišos funkcija, naudojama perkėlimo lentelėje. Perkėlimo lentelėse iš esmės saugomos įvertintos ankstesnių plokštės būsenų reikšmės, todėl, jei jos vėl susiduria, mes tiesiog gauname išsaugotą vertę iš perkėlimo lentelės. Perkėlimo lenteles apžvelgsime vėlesniame straipsnyje. Šiame straipsnyje paimsime šachmatų lentos pavyzdį ir įgyvendinsime maišos funkciją.
Pseudokodas:
// A matrix with random numbers initialized once Table[#ofBoardCells][#ofPieces] // Returns Zobrist hash function for current conf- // iguration of board. function findhash(board): hash = 0 for each cell on the board : if cell is not empty : piece = board[cell] hash ^= table[cell][piece] return hash
Paaiškinimas:
Zobristo Hashing idėja yra ta, kad tam tikros lentos būsenai, jei tam tikrame langelyje yra gabalas, naudojame atsitiktinį tos figūrėlės skaičių iš atitinkamos lentelės langelio.
Jei atsitiktiniame skaičiuje yra daugiau bitų, maišos susidūrimo tikimybė mažesnė. Todėl 64 bitų skaičiai dažniausiai naudojami kaip standartas ir mažai tikėtina, kad maišos susidūrimas įvyks su tokiais dideliais skaičiais. Lentelė turi būti inicijuota tik vieną kartą programos vykdymo metu.
Taip pat priežastis, kodėl Zobrist Hashing yra plačiai naudojamas stalo žaidimuose, yra ta, kad kai žaidėjas atlieka ėjimą, nereikia perskaičiuoti maišos vertės nuo nulio. Dėl XOR operacijos pobūdžio galime tiesiog naudoti kelias XOR operacijas, kad perskaičiuotume maišos reikšmę.
Įgyvendinimas:
Bandysime rasti maišos reikšmę duotai plokštės konfigūracijai.
// A program to illustrate Zobrist Hashing Algorithm #include using namespace std ; unsigned long long int ZobristTable [ 8 ][ 8 ][ 12 ]; mt19937 mt ( 01234567 ); // Generates a Random number from 0 to 2^64-1 unsigned long long int randomInt () { uniform_int_distribution & lt ; unsigned long long int & gt ; dist ( 0 UINT64_MAX ); return dist ( mt ); } // This function associates each piece with // a number int indexOf ( char piece ) { if ( piece == 'P' ) return 0 ; if ( piece == 'N' ) return 1 ; if ( piece == 'B' ) return 2 ; if ( piece == 'R' ) return 3 ; if ( piece == 'Q' ) return 4 ; if ( piece == 'K' ) return 5 ; if ( piece == 'p' ) return 6 ; if ( piece == 'n' ) return 7 ; if ( piece == 'b' ) return 8 ; if ( piece == 'r' ) return 9 ; if ( piece == 'q' ) return 10 ; if ( piece == 'k' ) return 11 ; else return -1 ; } // Initializes the table void initTable () { for ( int i = 0 ; i & lt ; 8 ; i ++ ) for ( int j = 0 ; j & lt ; 8 ; j ++ ) for ( int k = 0 ; k & lt ; 12 ; k ++ ) ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ k ] = randomInt (); } // Computes the hash value of a given board unsigned long long int computeHash ( char board [ 8 ][ 9 ]) { unsigned long long int h = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i & lt ; 8 ; i ++ ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j & lt ; 8 ; j ++ ) { if ( board [ i ][ j ] != '-' ) { int piece = indexOf ( board [ i ][ j ]); h ^= ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ piece ]; } } } return h ; } // Main Function int main () { // Uppercase letters are white pieces // Lowercase letters are black pieces char board [ 8 ][ 9 ] = { & quot ; --- K ----& quot ; & quot ; - R ---- Q -& quot ; & quot ; --------& quot ; & quot ; - P ---- p -& quot ; & quot ; ----- p --& quot ; & quot ; --------& quot ; & quot ; p --- b -- q & quot ; & quot ; ---- n -- k & quot ; }; initTable (); unsigned long long int hashValue = computeHash ( board ); printf ( & quot ; The hash value is : % llu n & quot ; hashValue ); //Move the white king to the left char piece = board [ 0 ][ 3 ]; board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = '-' ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = piece ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; printf ( & quot ; The new hash value is : % llu n & quot ; hashValue ); // Undo the white king move piece = board [ 0 ][ 2 ]; board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = '-' ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = piece ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; printf ( & quot ; The old hash value is : % llu n & quot ; hashValue ); return 0 ; }
Java // A Java program to illustrate Zobrist Hashing Algorithm import java.util.* ; public class GFG { public static List < List < List < Integer >>> ZobristTable = new ArrayList <> (); // mt19937 mt(01234567); public static void initialise () { for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) { ZobristTable . add ( new ArrayList <> ()); for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) { ZobristTable . get ( i ). add ( new ArrayList <> ()); for ( int k = 0 ; k < 12 ; k ++ ) { ZobristTable . get ( i ). get ( j ). add ( 0 ); } } } } // Generates a Random number from 0 to 2^64-1 public static long randomLong () { long min = 0 L ; long max = ( long ) Math . pow ( 2 64 ); Random rnd = new Random (); return rnd . nextLong () * ( max - min ) + min ; } // This function associates each piece with a number public static int indexOf ( char piece ) { if ( piece == 'P' ) return 0 ; if ( piece == 'N' ) return 1 ; if ( piece == 'B' ) return 2 ; if ( piece == 'R' ) return 3 ; if ( piece == 'Q' ) return 4 ; if ( piece == 'K' ) return 5 ; if ( piece == 'p' ) return 6 ; if ( piece == 'n' ) return 7 ; if ( piece == 'b' ) return 8 ; if ( piece == 'r' ) return 9 ; if ( piece == 'q' ) return 10 ; if ( piece == 'k' ) return 11 ; else return - 1 ; } // Initializes the table public static void initTable () { for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) { for ( int k = 0 ; k < 12 ; k ++ ) { Random rnd = new Random (); ZobristTable . get ( i ). get ( j ). set ( k ( int ) randomLong ()); } } } } // Computes the hash value of a given board public static int computeHash ( List < List < Character >> board ) { int h = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) { if ( board . get ( i ). get ( j ) != '-' ) { int piece = indexOf ( board . get ( i ). get ( j )); h ^= ZobristTable . get ( i ). get ( j ). get ( piece ); } } } return h ; } public static void main ( String [] args ) { // Main Function // Uppercase letters are white pieces // Lowercase letters are black pieces List < List < Character >> board = new ArrayList <> (); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' 'K' '-' '-' '-' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' 'R' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'Q' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' 'K' '-' '-' '-' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' 'P' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'p' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'p' '-' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( 'p' '-' '-' '-' 'b' '-' '-' 'q' ))); board . add ( new ArrayList <> ( Arrays . asList ( '-' '-' '-' '-' 'n' '-' '-' 'k' ))); initialise (); initTable (); int hashValue = computeHash ( board ); System . out . println ( 'The hash value is : ' + hashValue ); // Move the white king to the left char piece = board . get ( 0 ). get ( 3 ); board . get ( 0 ). set ( 3 '-' ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable . get ( 0 ). get ( 3 ). get ( indexOf ( piece )); board . get ( 0 ). set ( 2 piece ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable . get ( 0 ). get ( 2 ). get ( indexOf ( piece )); System . out . println ( 'The new hash value is : ' + hashValue ); // Undo the white king move piece = board . get ( 0 ). get ( 2 ); board . get ( 0 ). set ( 2 '-' ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable . get ( 0 ). get ( 2 ). get ( indexOf ( piece )); board . get ( 0 ). set ( 3 piece ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable . get ( 0 ). get ( 3 ). get ( indexOf ( piece )); System . out . println ( 'The new hash value is : ' + hashValue ); } } // This code is contributed by Vaibhav
Python3 # A program to illustrate Zobrist Hashing Algorithm # python code implementation import random # mt19937 mt(01234567); # Generates a Random number from 0 to 2^64-1 def randomInt (): min = 0 max = pow ( 2 64 ) return random . randint ( min max ) # This function associates each piece with # a number def indexOf ( piece ): if ( piece == 'P' ): return 0 elif ( piece == 'N' ): return 1 elif ( piece == 'B' ): return 2 elif ( piece == 'R' ): return 3 elif ( piece == 'Q' ): return 4 elif ( piece == 'K' ): return 5 elif ( piece == 'p' ): return 6 elif ( piece == 'n' ): return 7 elif ( piece == 'b' ): return 8 elif ( piece == 'r' ): return 9 elif ( piece == 'q' ): return 10 elif ( piece == 'k' ): return 11 else : return - 1 # Initializes the table def initTable (): # 8x8x12 array ZobristTable = [[[ randomInt () for k in range ( 12 )] for j in range ( 8 )] for i in range ( 8 )] return ZobristTable # Computes the hash value of a given board def computeHash ( board ZobristTable ): h = 0 for i in range ( 8 ): for j in range ( 8 ): if ( board [ i ][ j ] != '-' ): piece = indexOf ( board [ i ][ j ]) h ^= ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ piece ] return h # Main Function # Uppercase letters are white pieces # Lowercase letters are black pieces board = [ '---K----' '-R----Q-' '--------' '-P----p-' '-----p--' '--------' 'p---b--q' '----n--k' ] ZobristTable = initTable () hashValue = computeHash ( board ZobristTable ) print ( 'The hash value is : ' + str ( hashValue )) #Move the white king to the left piece = board [ 0 ][ 3 ] board [ 0 ] = list ( board [ 0 ]) board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = '-' board [ 0 ] = '' . join ( board [ 0 ]) hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )] board [ 0 ] = list ( board [ 0 ]) board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = piece board [ 0 ] = '' . join ( board [ 0 ]) hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )] print ( 'The new hash value is : ' + str ( hashValue )) # Undo the white king move piece = board [ 0 ][ 2 ] board [ 0 ] = list ( board [ 0 ]) board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = '-' board [ 0 ] = '' . join ( board [ 0 ]) hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )] board [ 0 ] = list ( board [ 0 ]) board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = piece board [ 0 ] = '' . join ( board [ 0 ]) hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )] print ( 'The old hash value is : ' + str ( hashValue ))
C# using System ; using System.Collections ; using System.Collections.Generic ; using System.Linq ; // C# program for the above approach // A program to illustrate Zobrist Hashing Algorithm // javascript code implementation class HelloWorld { public static List < List < List < int >>> ZobristTable = new List < List < List < int >>> (); // mt19937 mt(01234567); public static void initialise (){ for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ){ ZobristTable . Add ( new List < List < int >> ()); for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ){ ZobristTable [ i ]. Add ( new List < int > ()); for ( int k = 0 ; k < 12 ; k ++ ){ ZobristTable [ i ][ j ]. Add ( 0 ); } } } } // Generates a Random number from 0 to 2^64-1 public static int randomInt () { int min = 0 ; int max = ( int ) Math . Pow ( 2 64 ); Random rnd = new Random (); return rnd . Next () * ( max - min ) + min ; } // This function associates each piece with // a number public static int indexOf ( char piece ) { if ( piece == 'P' ) return 0 ; if ( piece == 'N' ) return 1 ; if ( piece == 'B' ) return 2 ; if ( piece == 'R' ) return 3 ; if ( piece == 'Q' ) return 4 ; if ( piece == 'K' ) return 5 ; if ( piece == 'p' ) return 6 ; if ( piece == 'n' ) return 7 ; if ( piece == 'b' ) return 8 ; if ( piece == 'r' ) return 9 ; if ( piece == 'q' ) return 10 ; if ( piece == 'k' ) return 11 ; else return - 1 ; } // Initializes the table public static void initTable () { for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ){ for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ){ for ( int k = 0 ; k < 12 ; k ++ ){ Random rnd = new Random (); ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ k ] = rnd . Next (); } } } } // Computes the hash value of a given board public static int computeHash ( List < List < char >> board ) { int h = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) { if ( board [ i ][ j ] != '-' ) { int piece = indexOf ( board [ i ][ j ]); h ^= ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ piece ]; } } } return h ; } static void Main () { // Main Function // Uppercase letters are white pieces // Lowercase letters are black pieces List < List < char >> board = new List < List < char >> (); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' 'K' '-' '-' '-' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' 'R' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'Q' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' 'K' '-' '-' '-' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' 'P' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'p' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' 'p' '-' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ 'p' '-' '-' '-' 'b' '-' '-' 'q' }); board . Add ( new List < char > (){ '-' '-' '-' '-' 'n' '-' '-' 'k' }); initialise (); initTable (); int hashValue = computeHash ( board ); Console . WriteLine ( 'The hash value is : ' + hashValue ); //Move the white king to the left char piece = board [ 0 ][ 3 ]; board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = '-' ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = piece ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; Console . WriteLine ( 'The new hash value is : ' + hashValue ); // Undo the white king move piece = board [ 0 ][ 2 ]; board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = '-' ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = piece ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; Console . WriteLine ( 'The old hash value is : ' + hashValue ); } } // The code is contributed by Nidhi goel.
JavaScript // A program to illustrate Zobrist Hashing Algorithm // javascript code implementation let ZobristTable = new Array ( 8 ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ){ ZobristTable [ i ] = new Array ( 8 ); } for ( let i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ){ for ( let j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ){ ZobristTable [ i ][ j ] = new Array ( 12 ); } } // mt19937 mt(01234567); // Generates a Random number from 0 to 2^64-1 function randomInt () { let min = 0 ; let max = Math . pow ( 2 64 ); return Math . floor ( Math . random () * ( max - min ) + min ); } // This function associates each piece with // a number function indexOf ( piece ) { if ( piece == 'P' ) return 0 ; if ( piece == 'N' ) return 1 ; if ( piece == 'B' ) return 2 ; if ( piece == 'R' ) return 3 ; if ( piece == 'Q' ) return 4 ; if ( piece == 'K' ) return 5 ; if ( piece == 'p' ) return 6 ; if ( piece == 'n' ) return 7 ; if ( piece == 'b' ) return 8 ; if ( piece == 'r' ) return 9 ; if ( piece == 'q' ) return 10 ; if ( piece == 'k' ) return 11 ; else return - 1 ; } // Initializes the table function initTable () { for ( let i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) for ( let j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) for ( let k = 0 ; k < 12 ; k ++ ){ ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ k ] = randomInt (); } } // Computes the hash value of a given board function computeHash ( board ) { let h = 0 ; for ( let i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++ ) { for ( let j = 0 ; j < 8 ; j ++ ) { if ( board [ i ][ j ] != '-' ) { let piece = indexOf ( board [ i ][ j ]); h ^= ZobristTable [ i ][ j ][ piece ]; } } } return h ; } // Main Function // Uppercase letters are white pieces // Lowercase letters are black pieces let board = [ '---K----' '-R----Q-' '--------' '-P----p-' '-----p--' '--------' 'p---b--q' '----n--k' ]; initTable (); let hashValue = computeHash ( board ); console . log ( 'The hash value is : ' + hashValue ); //Move the white king to the left let piece = board [ 0 ][ 3 ]; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. split ( '' ); board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = '-' ; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. join ( '' ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. split ( '' ); board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = piece ; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. join ( '' ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; console . log ( 'The new hash value is : ' + hashValue ); // Undo the white king move piece = board [ 0 ][ 2 ]; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. split ( '' ); board [ 0 ][ 2 ] = '-' ; board [ 0 ] = board [ 0 ]. join ( '' ); hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 2 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; board [ 0 ][ 3 ] = piece ; hashValue ^= ZobristTable [ 0 ][ 3 ][ indexOf ( piece )]; console . log ( 'The old hash value is : ' + hashValue ); // The code is contributed by Nidhi goel.
Išvestis:
The hash value is : 14226429382419125366 The new hash value is : 15124945578233295113 The old hash value is : 14226429382419125366
