LCA za n-arno stablo | Konstantni upit O(1)

LCA za n-arno stablo | Konstantni upit O(1)

Vidjeli smo razne metode s različitim vremenskim složenostima za izračunavanje LCA u n-arnom stablu:-

Metoda 1: Naivna metoda (izračunavanjem staze od korijena do čvora) | O(n) po upitu  
Metoda 2: Korištenje Sqrt dekompozicije | O(sqrt H)  
Metoda 3: Korištenje DP pristupa rijetke matrice | O (prijava) 

Proučimo drugu metodu koja ima brže vrijeme upita od svih gore navedenih metoda. Dakle, naš će cilj biti izračunati LCA konstantno vrijeme ~ O(1) . Pogledajmo kako to možemo postići. 

Metoda 4 : Korištenje upita za minimalni raspon 

Raspravljali smo LCA i RMQ za binarno stablo . Ovdje raspravljamo o konverziji LCA problema u RMQ problem za n-arno stablo. 

  Pre-requisites:-     LCA in Binary Tree using RMQ     RMQ using sparse table   

Ključni koncept: Ovom metodom smanjit ćemo naš LCA problem na RMQ (Range Minimum Query) problem preko statičkog niza. Kada to učinimo, povezat ćemo upite minimalnog raspona s potrebnim LCA upitima. 

Prvi korak bit će rastavljanje stabla u ravni linearni niz. Da bismo to učinili možemo primijeniti Eulerov hod. Eulerov hod dat će obilazak grafa unaprijed. Stoga ćemo izvesti Eulerov hod po stablu i pohraniti čvorove u niz dok ih posjećujemo. Ovaj proces smanjuje stablo > 16901489_1309372785813855_1903972436_n


Sada razmišljajmo općenito: Razmotrimo bilo koja dva čvora na stablu. Postojat će točno jedna staza koja povezuje oba čvora, a čvor koji ima najmanju vrijednost dubine na stazi bit će LCA dva navedena čvora.
Sada uzmite bilo koja dva različita čvora recimo u i v u nizu Eulerovih šetnji. Sada će svi elementi na putu od u do v ležati između indeksa čvorova u i v u nizu Eulerovog hoda. Stoga samo trebamo izračunati čvor s minimalnom dubinom između indeksa čvora u i čvora v u eulerovom nizu. 

Za ovo ćemo održavati drugi niz koji će sadržavati dubinu svih čvorova koja odgovara njihovom položaju u Eulerovom nizu hodanja tako da na njega možemo primijeniti naš RMQ algoritam.

Dolje je dan niz Eulerovog hoda paralelan s njegovim nizom tragova dubine. 

16934185_1309372782480522_1333490382_n


Primjer: - Razmotrimo dva čvora čvor 6 i čvor 7 u Eulerovom nizu. Za izračun LCA čvora 6 i čvora 7 tražimo najmanju vrijednost dubine za sve čvorove između čvora 6 i čvora 7. 
Stoga čvor 1 ima najmanji vrijednost dubine = 0 i stoga je to LCA za čvor 6 i čvor 7.

Implementacija: -  

We will be maintaining three arrays   1)  Euler Path   2)  Depth array   3)  First Appearance Index 

Euler Path i Depth array su isti kao što je gore opisano

Indeks prvog pojavljivanja FAI[] : Niz indeksa prvog pojavljivanja pohranit će indeks za prvu poziciju svakog čvora u nizu Eulerove staze. FAI[i] = Prvo pojavljivanje i-tog čvora u nizu Euler Walk. 

Implementacija za gornju metodu je dana u nastavku:-

Implementacija:

C++
   // C++ program to demonstrate LCA of n-ary tree   // in constant time.   #include     'bits/stdc++.h'   using     namespace     std  ;   #define sz 101   vector      <     int     >     adj  [  sz  ];     // stores the tree   vector      <     int     >     euler  ;     // tracks the eulerwalk   vector      <     int     >     depthArr  ;     // depth for each node corresponding      // to eulerwalk   int     FAI  [  sz  ];     // stores first appearance index of every node   int     level  [  sz  ];     // stores depth for all nodes in the tree   int     ptr  ;     // pointer to euler walk   int     dp  [  sz  ][  18  ];     // sparse table   int     logn  [  sz  ];     // stores log values   int     p2  [  20  ];     // stores power of 2   void     buildSparseTable  (  int     n  )   {      // initializing sparse table      memset  (  dp    -1    sizeof  (  dp  ));      // filling base case values      for     (  int     i  =  1  ;     i   <  n  ;     i  ++  )      dp  [  i  -1  ][  0  ]     =     (  depthArr  [  i  ]  >  depthArr  [  i  -1  ])  ?  i  -1  :  i  ;      // dp to fill sparse table      for     (  int     l  =  1  ;     l   <  15  ;     l  ++  )      for     (  int     i  =  0  ;     i   <  n  ;     i  ++  )      if     (  dp  [  i  ][  l  -1  ]  !=  -1     and     dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -1  ]][  l  -1  ]  !=  -1  )      dp  [  i  ][  l  ]     =      (  depthArr  [  dp  [  i  ][  l  -1  ]]  >  depthArr  [  dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -1  ]][  l  -1  ]])  ?      dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -1  ]][  l  -1  ]     :     dp  [  i  ][  l  -1  ];      else      break  ;   }   int     query  (  int     l    int     r  )   {      int     d     =     r  -  l  ;      int     dx     =     logn  [  d  ];      if     (  l  ==  r  )     return     l  ;      if     (  depthArr  [  dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]]     >     depthArr  [  dp  [  r  -  p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]])      return     dp  [  r  -  p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ];      else      return     dp  [  l  ][  dx  ];   }   void     preprocess  ()   {      // memorizing powers of 2      p2  [  0  ]     =     1  ;      for     (  int     i  =  1  ;     i   <  18  ;     i  ++  )      p2  [  i  ]     =     p2  [  i  -1  ]  *  2  ;      // memorizing all log(n) values      int     val     =     1    ptr  =  0  ;      for     (  int     i  =  1  ;     i   <  sz  ;     i  ++  )      {      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr  -1  ;      if     (  val  ==  i  )      {      val  *=  2  ;      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr  ;      ptr  ++  ;      }      }   }   /**    * Euler Walk ( preorder traversal)    * converting tree to linear depthArray    * Time Complexity : O(n)    * */   void     dfs  (  int     cur    int     prev    int     dep  )   {      // marking FAI for cur node      if     (  FAI  [  cur  ]  ==  -1  )      FAI  [  cur  ]     =     ptr  ;      level  [  cur  ]     =     dep  ;      // pushing root to euler walk      euler  .  push_back  (  cur  );      // incrementing euler walk pointer      ptr  ++  ;      for     (  auto     x  :  adj  [  cur  ])      {      if     (  x     !=     prev  )      {      dfs  (  x    cur    dep  +  1  );      // pushing cur again in backtrack      // of euler walk      euler  .  push_back  (  cur  );      // increment euler walk pointer      ptr  ++  ;      }      }   }   // Create Level depthArray corresponding   // to the Euler walk Array   void     makeArr  ()   {      for     (  auto     x     :     euler  )      depthArr  .  push_back  (  level  [  x  ]);   }   int     LCA  (  int     u    int     v  )   {      // trivial case      if     (  u  ==  v  )      return     u  ;      if     (  FAI  [  u  ]     >     FAI  [  v  ])      swap  (  u    v  );      // doing RMQ in the required range      return     euler  [  query  (  FAI  [  u  ]     FAI  [  v  ])];   }   void     addEdge  (  int     u    int     v  )   {      adj  [  u  ].  push_back  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  push_back  (  u  );   }   int     main  (  int     argc       char     const     *  argv  [])   {      // constructing the described tree      int     numberOfNodes     =     8  ;      addEdge  (  1    2  );      addEdge  (  1    3  );      addEdge  (  2    4  );      addEdge  (  2    5  );      addEdge  (  2    6  );      addEdge  (  3    7  );      addEdge  (  3    8  );      // performing required precalculations      preprocess  ();      // doing the Euler walk      ptr     =     0  ;      memset  (  FAI    -1    sizeof  (  FAI  ));      dfs  (  1    0    0  );      // creating depthArray corresponding to euler[]      makeArr  ();      // building sparse table      buildSparseTable  (  depthArr  .  size  ());      cout      < <     'LCA(67) : '      < <     LCA  (  6    7  )      < <     '  n  '  ;      cout      < <     'LCA(64) : '      < <     LCA  (  6    4  )      < <     '  n  '  ;      return     0  ;   }   
Java
   // Java program to demonstrate LCA of n-ary   // tree in constant time.   import     java.util.ArrayList  ;   import     java.util.Arrays  ;   class   GFG  {   static     int     sz     =     101  ;   @SuppressWarnings  (  'unchecked'  )   // Stores the tree   static     ArrayList   <  Integer  >[]     adj     =     new     ArrayList  [  sz  ]  ;      // Tracks the eulerwalk   static     ArrayList   <  Integer  >     euler     =     new     ArrayList   <>  ();      // Depth for each node corresponding   static     ArrayList   <  Integer  >     depthArr     =     new     ArrayList   <>  ();      // to eulerwalk   // Stores first appearance index of every node   static     int  []     FAI     =     new     int  [  sz  ]  ;      // Stores depth for all nodes in the tree   static     int  []     level     =     new     int  [  sz  ]  ;      // Pointer to euler walk   static     int     ptr  ;   // Sparse table   static     int  [][]     dp     =     new     int  [  sz  ][  18  ]  ;   // Stores log values   static     int  []     logn     =     new     int  [  sz  ]  ;   // Stores power of 2   static     int  []     p2     =     new     int  [  20  ]  ;   static     void     buildSparseTable  (  int     n  )   {          // Initializing sparse table      for  (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )      {      for  (  int     j     =     0  ;     j      <     18  ;     j  ++  )         {      dp  [  i  ][  j  ]     =     -  1  ;      }      }      // Filling base case values      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )      dp  [  i     -     1  ][  0  ]     =     (  depthArr  .  get  (  i  )     >         depthArr  .  get  (  i     -     1  ))     ?         i     -     1     :     i  ;      // dp to fill sparse table      for  (  int     l     =     1  ;     l      <     15  ;     l  ++  )      for  (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )      if     (  dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ]     !=     -  1     &&      dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]     !=     -  1  )      dp  [  i  ][  l  ]     =     (  depthArr  .  get  (  dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ]  )     >      depthArr  .  get  (      dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]  ))     ?         dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]     :         dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ]  ;      else      break  ;   }   static     int     query  (  int     l       int     r  )      {      int     d     =     r     -     l  ;      int     dx     =     logn  [  d  ]  ;          if     (  l     ==     r  )      return     l  ;          if     (  depthArr  .  get  (  dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]  )     >         depthArr  .  get  (  dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]  ))      return     dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]  ;      else      return     dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]  ;   }   static     void     preprocess  ()      {          // Memorizing powers of 2      p2  [  0  ]     =     1  ;      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     18  ;     i  ++  )      p2  [  i  ]     =     p2  [  i     -     1  ]     *     2  ;      // Memorizing all log(n) values      int     val     =     1       ptr     =     0  ;      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )         {      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr     -     1  ;      if     (  val     ==     i  )         {      val     *=     2  ;      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr  ;      ptr  ++  ;      }      }   }   // Euler Walk ( preorder traversal) converting   // tree to linear depthArray    // Time Complexity : O(n)   static     void     dfs  (  int     cur       int     prev       int     dep  )   {          // Marking FAI for cur node      if     (  FAI  [  cur  ]     ==     -  1  )      FAI  [  cur  ]     =     ptr  ;      level  [  cur  ]     =     dep  ;      // Pushing root to euler walk      euler  .  add  (  cur  );      // Incrementing euler walk pointer      ptr  ++  ;      for  (  Integer     x     :     adj  [  cur  ]  )      {      if     (  x     !=     prev  )      {      dfs  (  x       cur       dep     +     1  );      // Pushing cur again in backtrack      // of euler walk      euler  .  add  (  cur  );      // Increment euler walk pointer      ptr  ++  ;      }      }   }   // Create Level depthArray corresponding   // to the Euler walk Array   static     void     makeArr  ()   {      for  (  Integer     x     :     euler  )      depthArr  .  add  (  level  [  x  ]  );   }   static     int     LCA  (  int     u       int     v  )      {          // Trivial case      if     (  u     ==     v  )      return     u  ;      if     (  FAI  [  u  ]     >     FAI  [  v  ]  )      {      int     temp     =     u  ;      u     =     v  ;      v     =     temp  ;      }      // Doing RMQ in the required range      return     euler  .  get  (  query  (  FAI  [  u  ]       FAI  [  v  ]  ));   }   static     void     addEdge  (  int     u       int     v  )   {      adj  [  u  ]  .  add  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ]  .  add  (  u  );   }   // Driver code   public     static     void     main  (  String  []     args  )   {      for  (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )      {      adj  [  i  ]     =     new     ArrayList   <>  ();      }          // Constructing the described tree      int     numberOfNodes     =     8  ;      addEdge  (  1       2  );      addEdge  (  1       3  );      addEdge  (  2       4  );      addEdge  (  2       5  );      addEdge  (  2       6  );      addEdge  (  3       7  );      addEdge  (  3       8  );      // Performing required precalculations      preprocess  ();      // Doing the Euler walk      ptr     =     0  ;      Arrays  .  fill  (  FAI       -  1  );      dfs  (  1       0       0  );      // Creating depthArray corresponding to euler[]      makeArr  ();          // Building sparse table      buildSparseTable  (  depthArr  .  size  ());      System  .  out  .  println  (  'LCA(67) : '     +     LCA  (  6       7  ));      System  .  out  .  println  (  'LCA(64) : '     +     LCA  (  6       4  ));   }   }   // This code is contributed by sanjeev2552   
Python3
   # Python program to demonstrate LCA of n-ary tree   # in constant time.   from   typing   import   List   # stores the tree   adj   =   [[]   for   _   in   range  (  101  )]   # tracks the eulerwalk   euler   =   []   # depth for each node corresponding to eulerwalk   depthArr   =   []   # stores first appearance index of every node   FAI   =   [  -  1  ]   *   101   # stores depth for all nodes in the tree   level   =   [  0  ]   *   101   # pointer to euler walk   ptr   =   0   # sparse table   dp   =   [[  -  1  ]   *   18   for   _   in   range  (  101  )]   # stores log values   logn   =   [  0  ]   *   101   # stores power of 2   p2   =   [  0  ]   *   20   def   buildSparseTable  (  n  :   int  ):   # initializing sparse table   for   i   in   range  (  n  ):   dp  [  i  ][  0  ]   =   i  -  1   if   depthArr  [  i  ]   >   depthArr  [  i  -  1  ]   else   i   # dp to fill sparse table   for   l   in   range  (  1     15  ):   for   i   in   range  (  n  ):   if   dp  [  i  ][  l  -  1  ]   !=   -  1   and   dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -  1  ]][  l  -  1  ]   !=   -  1  :   dp  [  i  ][  l  ]   =   dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -  1  ]][  l  -  1  ]   if   depthArr  [  dp  [  i  ][  l  -  1  ]   ]   >   depthArr  [  dp  [  i  +  p2  [  l  -  1  ]][  l  -  1  ]]   else   dp  [  i  ][  l  -  1  ]   else  :   break   def   query  (  l  :   int     r  :   int  )   ->   int  :   d   =   r  -  l   dx   =   logn  [  d  ]   if   l   ==   r  :   return   l   if   depthArr  [  dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]]   >   depthArr  [  dp  [  r  -  p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]]:   return   dp  [  r  -  p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]   else  :   return   dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]   def   preprocess  ():   global   ptr   # memorizing powers of 2   p2  [  0  ]   =   1   for   i   in   range  (  1     18  ):   p2  [  i  ]   =   p2  [  i  -  1  ]  *  2   # memorizing all log(n) values   val   =   1   ptr   =   0   for   i   in   range  (  1     101  ):   logn  [  i  ]   =   ptr  -  1   if   val   ==   i  :   val   *=   2   logn  [  i  ]   =   ptr   ptr   +=   1   def   dfs  (  cur  :   int     prev  :   int     dep  :   int  ):   global   ptr   # marking FAI for cur node   if   FAI  [  cur  ]   ==   -  1  :   FAI  [  cur  ]   =   ptr   level  [  cur  ]   =   dep   # pushing root to euler walk   euler  .  append  (  cur  )   # incrementing euler walk pointer   ptr   +=   1   for   x   in   adj  [  cur  ]:   if   x   !=   prev  :   dfs  (  x     cur     dep  +  1  )   # pushing cur again in backtrack   # of euler walk   euler  .  append  (  cur  )   # increment euler walk pointer   ptr   +=   1   # Create Level depthArray corresponding   # to the Euler walk Array   def   makeArr  ():   global   depthArr   for   x   in   euler  :   depthArr  .  append  (  level  [  x  ])   def   LCA  (  u  :   int     v  :   int  )   ->   int  :   # trivial case   if   u   ==   v  :   return   u   if   FAI  [  u  ]   >   FAI  [  v  ]:   u     v   =   v     u   # doing RMQ in the required range   return   euler  [  query  (  FAI  [  u  ]   FAI  [  v  ])]   def   addEdge  (  u     v  ):   adj  [  u  ]  .  append  (  v  )   adj  [  v  ]  .  append  (  u  )   # constructing the described tree   numberOfNodes   =   8   addEdge  (  1     2  )   addEdge  (  1     3  )   addEdge  (  2     4  )   addEdge  (  2     5  )   addEdge  (  2     6  )   addEdge  (  3     7  )   addEdge  (  3     8  )   # performing required precalculations   preprocess  ()   # doing the Euler walk   ptr   =   0   FAI   =   [  -  1  ]   *   (  numberOfNodes   +   1  )   dfs  (  1     0     0  )   # creating depthArray corresponding to euler[]   makeArr  ()   # building sparse table   buildSparseTable  (  len  (  depthArr  ))   print  (  'LCA(67) : '     LCA  (  6     7  ))   print  (  'LCA(64) : '     LCA  (  6     4  ))   
C#
   // C# program to demonstrate LCA of n-ary   // tree in constant time.   using     System  ;   using     System.Collections.Generic  ;   public     class     GFG     {      static     int     sz     =     101  ;      // Stores the tree      static     List   <  int  >  []     adj     =     new     List   <  int  >  [  sz  ];          // Tracks the eulerwalk      static     List   <  int  >     euler     =     new     List   <  int  >  ();          // Depth for each node corresponding      static     List   <  int  >     depthArr     =     new     List   <  int  >  ();          // to eulerwalk      // Stores first appearance index of every node      static     int  []     FAI     =     new     int  [  sz  ];          // Stores depth for all nodes in the tree      static     int  []     level     =     new     int  [  sz  ];          // Pointer to euler walk      static     int     ptr  ;          // Sparse table      static     int  []     dp     =     new     int  [  sz       18  ];          // Stores log values      static     int  []     logn     =     new     int  [  sz  ];          // Stores power of 2      static     int  []     p2     =     new     int  [  20  ];          static     void     buildSparseTable  (  int     n  )      {      // Initializing sparse table      for  (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )      {      for  (  int     j     =     0  ;     j      <     18  ;     j  ++  )         {      dp  [  i    j  ]     =     -  1  ;      }      }          // Filling base case values      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )      dp  [  i     -     1    0  ]     =     (  depthArr  [  i  ]     >     depthArr  [  i     -     1  ])     ?     i     -     1     :     i  ;          // dp to fill sparse table      for  (  int     l     =     1  ;     l      <     15  ;     l  ++  )      for  (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )      if     (  dp  [  i    l     -     1  ]     !=     -  1     &&     dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]  l     -     1  ]     !=     -  1  )      dp  [  i    l  ]     =     (  depthArr  [  dp  [  i    l     -     1  ]]     >     depthArr  [  dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]  l     -     1  ]])     ?     dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]  l     -     1  ]     :     dp  [  i    l     -     1  ];      else      break  ;      }          static     int     query  (  int     l       int     r  )         {      int     d     =     r     -     l  ;      int     dx     =     logn  [  d  ];          if     (  l     ==     r  )      return     l  ;          if     (  depthArr  [  dp  [  l    dx  ]]     >     depthArr  [  dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]  dx  ]])      return     dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]  dx  ];      else      return     dp  [  l    dx  ];      }          static     void     preprocess  ()         {      // Memorizing powers of 2      p2  [  0  ]     =     1  ;      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     18  ;     i  ++  )      p2  [  i  ]     =     p2  [  i     -     1  ]     *     2  ;          // Memorizing all log(n) values      int     val     =     1       ptr     =     0  ;      for  (  int     i     =     1  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )         {      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr     -     1  ;      if     (  val     ==     i  )         {      val     *=     2  ;      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr  ;      ptr  ++  ;      }      }      }          // Euler Walk ( preorder traversal) converting      // tree to linear depthArray       // Time Complexity : O(n)      static     void     dfs  (  int     cur       int     prev       int     dep  )      {      // Marking FAI for cur node      if     (  FAI  [  cur  ]     ==     -  1  )      FAI  [  cur  ]     =     ptr  ;          level  [  cur  ]     =     dep  ;          // Pushing root to euler walk      euler  .  Add  (  cur  );          // Incrementing euler walk pointer      ptr  ++  ;          foreach     (  int     x     in     adj  [  cur  ])      {      if     (  x     !=     prev  )      {      dfs  (  x       cur       dep     +     1  );          euler  .  Add  (  cur  );          ptr  ++  ;      }      }      }          // Create Level depthArray corresponding      // to the Euler walk Array      static     void     makeArr  ()      {      foreach     (  int     x     in     euler  )      depthArr  .  Add  (  level  [  x  ]);      }          static     int     LCA  (  int     u       int     v  )         {      // Trivial case      if     (  u     ==     v  )      return     u  ;          if     (  FAI  [  u  ]     >     FAI  [  v  ])      {      int     temp     =     u  ;      u     =     v  ;      v     =     temp  ;      }          // Doing RMQ in the required range      return     euler  [  query  (  FAI  [  u  ]     FAI  [  v  ])];      }          static     void     addEdge  (  int     u       int     v  )      {      adj  [  u  ].  Add  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  Add  (  u  );      }      // Driver Code      static     void     Main  (  string  []     args  )      {      int     sz     =     9  ;      adj     =     new     List   <  int  >  [  sz  ];      for     (  int     i     =     0  ;     i      <     sz  ;     i  ++  )      {      adj  [  i  ]     =     new     List   <  int  >  ();      }      // Constructing the described tree      int     numberOfNodes     =     8  ;      addEdge  (  1       2  );      addEdge  (  1       3  );      addEdge  (  2       4  );      addEdge  (  2       5  );      addEdge  (  2       6  );      addEdge  (  3       7  );      addEdge  (  3       8  );      // Performing required precalculations      preprocess  ();      // Doing the Euler walk      ptr     =     0  ;      Array  .  Fill  (  FAI       -  1  );      dfs  (  1       0       0  );      // Creating depthArray corresponding to euler[]      makeArr  ();      // Building sparse table      buildSparseTable  (  depthArr  .  Count  );      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'LCA(67) : '     +     LCA  (  6       7  ));      Console  .  WriteLine  (  'LCA(64) : '     +     LCA  (  6       4  ));      }       }   // This code is contributed by Prince Kumar   
JavaScript
   let     adj     =     [];   for     (  let     _     =     0  ;     _      <     101  ;     _  ++  )     {      adj  .  push  ([]);   }   // tracks the eulerwalk   let     euler     =     [];   // depth for each node corresponding to eulerwalk   let     depthArr     =     [];   // stores first appearance index of every node   let     FAI     =     new     Array  (  101  ).  fill  (  -  1  );   // stores depth for all nodes in the tree   let     level     =     new     Array  (  101  ).  fill  (  0  );   // pointer to euler walk   let     ptr     =     0  ;   // sparse table   let     dp     =     [];   for     (  let     _     =     0  ;     _      <     101  ;     _  ++  )     {      dp  .  push  (  new     Array  (  18  ).  fill  (  -  1  ));   }   // stores log values   let     logn     =     new     Array  (  101  ).  fill  (  0  );   // stores power of 2   let     p2     =     new     Array  (  20  ).  fill  (  0  );   function     buildSparseTable  (  n  )   {      // initializing sparse table      for     (  let     i     =     0  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )     {      dp  [  i  ][  0  ]     =     i     -     1     >=     0     &&     depthArr  [  i  ]     >     depthArr  [  i     -     1  ]     ?     i     -     1     :     i  ;      }      // dp to fill sparse table      for     (  let     l     =     1  ;     l      <     15  ;     l  ++  )     {      for     (  let     i     =     0  ;     i      <     n  ;     i  ++  )     {      if     (      dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ]     !==     -  1     &&      dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]     !==     -  1      )     {      dp  [  i  ][  l  ]     =      depthArr  [  dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ]]     >      depthArr  [  dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]]      ?     dp  [  i     +     p2  [  l     -     1  ]][  l     -     1  ]      :     dp  [  i  ][  l     -     1  ];      }     else     {      break  ;      }      }      }   }   function     query  (  l       r  )     {      let     d     =     r     -     l  ;      let     dx     =     logn  [  d  ];      if     (  l     ===     r  )     {      return     l  ;      }      if     (  depthArr  [  dp  [  l  ][  dx  ]]     >     depthArr  [  dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ]])     {      return     dp  [  r     -     p2  [  dx  ]][  dx  ];      }     else     {      return     dp  [  l  ][  dx  ];      }   }   function     preprocess  ()     {      // memorizing powers of 2      p2  [  0  ]     =     1  ;      for     (  let     i     =     1  ;     i      <     18  ;     i  ++  )     {      p2  [  i  ]     =     p2  [  i     -     1  ]     *     2  ;      }      // memorizing all log(n) values      let     val     =     1  ;      ptr     =     0  ;      for     (  let     i     =     1  ;     i      <     101  ;     i  ++  )     {      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr     -     1  ;      if     (  val     ===     i  )     {      val     *=     2  ;      logn  [  i  ]     =     ptr  ;      ptr     +=     1  ;      }      }   }   function     dfs  (  cur       prev       dep  )     {      // marking FAI for cur node      if     (  FAI  [  cur  ]     ===     -  1  )     {      FAI  [  cur  ]     =     ptr  ;      }      level  [  cur  ]     =     dep  ;      // pushing root to euler walk      euler  .  push  (  cur  );      // incrementing euler walk pointer      ptr     +=     1  ;      for     (  let     x     of     adj  [  cur  ])     {      if     (  x     !==     prev  )     {      dfs  (  x       cur       dep     +     1  );      // pushing cur again in backtrack      // of euler walk      euler  .  push  (  cur  );      // increment euler walk pointer      ptr     +=     1  ;      }      }   }   // Create Level depthArray corresponding   // to the Euler walk Array   function     makeArr  ()     {      for     (  let     x     of     euler  )     {      depthArr  .  push  (  level  [  x  ]);      }   }   function     LCA  (  u       v  )     {      // trivial case      if     (  u     ===     v  )     {      return     u  ;      }      if     (  FAI  [  u  ]     >     FAI  [  v  ])     {      [  u       v  ]     =     [  v       u  ];      }      // doing RMQ in the required range      return     euler  [  query  (  FAI  [  u  ]     FAI  [  v  ])];   }   function     addEdge  (  u       v  )     {      adj  [  u  ].  push  (  v  );      adj  [  v  ].  push  (  u  );   }   // constructing the described tree   let     numberOfNodes     =     8  ;   addEdge  (  1       2  );   addEdge  (  1       3  );   addEdge  (  2       4  );   addEdge  (  2       5  );   addEdge  (  2       6  );   addEdge  (  3       7  );   addEdge  (  3       8  );   // performing required precalculations   preprocess  ();   // doing the Euler walk   ptr     =     0  ;   FAI     =     new     Array  (  numberOfNodes     +     1  ).  fill  (  -  1  );   dfs  (  1       0       0  );   // creating depthArray corresponding to euler[]   makeArr  ();   // building sparse table   buildSparseTable  (  depthArr  .  length  );   console  .  log  (  'LCA(67) : '       LCA  (  6       7  ));   console  .  log  (  'LCA(64) : '       LCA  (  6       4  ));   

Izlaz
LCA(67) : 1 LCA(64) : 2 

Napomena: Prethodno izračunavamo svu potrebnu snagu dvojki i također unaprijed izračunavamo sve potrebne vrijednosti dnevnika kako bismo osigurali stalnu vremensku složenost po upitu. U suprotnom, da smo radili izračun dnevnika za svaku operaciju upita, naša vremenska složenost ne bi bila konstantna.

Vremenska složenost: Proces pretvorbe iz LCA u RMQ obavlja Euler Walk koji traje Na) vrijeme. 
Prethodno obrađivanje za prorijeđenu tablicu u RMQ-u traje O(nlogn) vremena, a odgovaranje na svaki upit je proces s konstantnim vremenom. Stoga je ukupna vremenska složenost O(nlogn) - pretprocesiranje i O(1) za svaki upit.

Pomoćni prostor: O(n+s)

 

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