Nitno binarno stablo | Umetanje
Već smo razgovarali o Binarno navojno binarno stablo .
Umetanje u binarno stablo s nitima slično je umetanju u binarno stablo, ali ćemo morati prilagoditi niti nakon umetanja svakog elementa.
C prikaz binarnog navojnog čvora:
struct Node { struct Node *left *right; int info; // false if left pointer points to predecessor // in Inorder Traversal boolean lthread; // false if right pointer points to successor // in Inorder Traversal boolean rthread; }; U sljedećem objašnjenju razmotrili smo Stablo binarnog pretraživanja (BST) za umetanje jer je umetanje definirano nekim pravilima u BST-ovima.
Neka tmp biti novo umetnuti čvor . Tijekom umetanja mogu postojati tri slučaja:
Slučaj 1: Umetanje u prazno stablo
I lijevi i desni pokazivač tmp-a bit će postavljen na NULL i novi čvor postaje korijen.
root = tmp; tmp -> left = NULL; tmp -> right = NULL;
Slučaj 2: Kada je novi čvor umetnut kao lijevo dijete
Nakon što smo čvor umetnuli na njegovo pravo mjesto, njegove lijeve i desne niti trebamo usmjeriti prema redoslijedu prethodnika odnosno nasljednika. Čvor koji je bio po redu nasljednik . Dakle, lijeva i desna nit novog čvora će biti-
tmp -> left = par ->left; tmp -> right = par;
Prije umetanja lijevi pokazivač roditelja bio je nit, ali nakon umetanja to će biti veza koja pokazuje na novi čvor.
par -> lthread = false; par -> left = temp;
Sljedeći primjer prikazuje čvor koji se umeće kao lijevo dijete svog roditelja.
Nakon umetanja 13
Prethodnik od 14 postaje prethodnik od 13 tako da lijeva nit od 13 pokazuje na 10.
Nasljednik od 13 je 14, tako da desna nit od 13 pokazuje na lijevo dijete koje je 13.
Lijevi pokazivač od 14 nije nit, sada pokazuje na lijevo dijete koje ima 13.
Slučaj 3: Kada je novi čvor umetnut kao pravo dijete
Roditelj od tmp je njegov inorder prethodnik. Čvor koji je bio po redu nasljednik roditelja sada je po redu nasljednik ovog čvora tmp. Dakle, lijeva i desna nit novog čvora će biti-
tmp -> left = par; tmp -> right = par -> right;
Prije umetanja desni pokazivač roditelja bio je nit, ali nakon umetanja to će biti poveznica koja pokazuje na novi čvor.
par -> rthread = false; par -> right = tmp;
Sljedeći primjer prikazuje čvor koji se umeće kao desno dijete svog roditelja.
Nakon 15 umetnutih
Nasljednik od 14 postaje nasljednik od 15 tako da desna nit od 15 pokazuje do 16
Prethodnik od 15 je 14 tako da lijeva nit od 15 pokazuje na 14.
Desni pokazivač od 14 nije nit, sada pokazuje na desno dijete koje ima 15.
C++ implementacija za umetanje novog čvora u Threaded Binary Search Tree:
Kao standardni BST umetak tražimo ključnu vrijednost u stablu. Ako je ključ već prisutan, vraćamo se, inače se novi ključ umeće na mjestu gdje pretraga završava. U BST-u pretraživanje završava kada pronađemo ključ ili kada dođemo do NULL lijevog ili desnog pokazivača. Ovdje su svi lijevi i desni NULL pokazivači zamijenjeni nitima osim lijevog pokazivača prvog čvora i desnog pokazivača zadnjeg čvora. Dakle, ovdje će pretraga biti neuspješna kada dođemo do NULL pokazivača ili niti.
Implementacija:
C++ // Insertion in Threaded Binary Search Tree. #include using namespace std ; struct Node { struct Node * left * right ; int info ; // False if left pointer points to predecessor // in Inorder Traversal bool lthread ; // False if right pointer points to successor // in Inorder Traversal bool rthread ; }; // Insert a Node in Binary Threaded Tree struct Node * insert ( struct Node * root int ikey ) { // Searching for a Node with given value Node * ptr = root ; Node * par = NULL ; // Parent of key to be inserted while ( ptr != NULL ) { // If key already exists return if ( ikey == ( ptr -> info )) { printf ( 'Duplicate Key ! n ' ); return root ; } par = ptr ; // Update parent pointer // Moving on left subtree. if ( ikey < ptr -> info ) { if ( ptr -> lthread == false ) ptr = ptr -> left ; else break ; } // Moving on right subtree. else { if ( ptr -> rthread == false ) ptr = ptr -> right ; else break ; } } // Create a new node Node * tmp = new Node ; tmp -> info = ikey ; tmp -> lthread = true ; tmp -> rthread = true ; if ( par == NULL ) { root = tmp ; tmp -> left = NULL ; tmp -> right = NULL ; } else if ( ikey < ( par -> info )) { tmp -> left = par -> left ; tmp -> right = par ; par -> lthread = false ; par -> left = tmp ; } else { tmp -> left = par ; tmp -> right = par -> right ; par -> rthread = false ; par -> right = tmp ; } return root ; } // Returns inorder successor using rthread struct Node * inorderSuccessor ( struct Node * ptr ) { // If rthread is set we can quickly find if ( ptr -> rthread == true ) return ptr -> right ; // Else return leftmost child of right subtree ptr = ptr -> right ; while ( ptr -> lthread == false ) ptr = ptr -> left ; return ptr ; } // Printing the threaded tree void inorder ( struct Node * root ) { if ( root == NULL ) printf ( 'Tree is empty' ); // Reach leftmost node struct Node * ptr = root ; while ( ptr -> lthread == false ) ptr = ptr -> left ; // One by one print successors while ( ptr != NULL ) { printf ( '%d ' ptr -> info ); ptr = inorderSuccessor ( ptr ); } } // Driver Program int main () { struct Node * root = NULL ; root = insert ( root 20 ); root = insert ( root 10 ); root = insert ( root 30 ); root = insert ( root 5 ); root = insert ( root 16 ); root = insert ( root 14 ); root = insert ( root 17 ); root = insert ( root 13 ); inorder ( root ); return 0 ; }
Java // Java program Insertion in Threaded Binary Search Tree. import java.util.* ; public class solution { static class Node { Node left right ; int info ; // False if left pointer points to predecessor // in Inorder Traversal boolean lthread ; // False if right pointer points to successor // in Inorder Traversal boolean rthread ; }; // Insert a Node in Binary Threaded Tree static Node insert ( Node root int ikey ) { // Searching for a Node with given value Node ptr = root ; Node par = null ; // Parent of key to be inserted while ( ptr != null ) { // If key already exists return if ( ikey == ( ptr . info )) { System . out . printf ( 'Duplicate Key !n' ); return root ; } par = ptr ; // Update parent pointer // Moving on left subtree. if ( ikey < ptr . info ) { if ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; else break ; } // Moving on right subtree. else { if ( ptr . rthread == false ) ptr = ptr . right ; else break ; } } // Create a new node Node tmp = new Node (); tmp . info = ikey ; tmp . lthread = true ; tmp . rthread = true ; if ( par == null ) { root = tmp ; tmp . left = null ; tmp . right = null ; } else if ( ikey < ( par . info )) { tmp . left = par . left ; tmp . right = par ; par . lthread = false ; par . left = tmp ; } else { tmp . left = par ; tmp . right = par . right ; par . rthread = false ; par . right = tmp ; } return root ; } // Returns inorder successor using rthread static Node inorderSuccessor ( Node ptr ) { // If rthread is set we can quickly find if ( ptr . rthread == true ) return ptr . right ; // Else return leftmost child of right subtree ptr = ptr . right ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; return ptr ; } // Printing the threaded tree static void inorder ( Node root ) { if ( root == null ) System . out . printf ( 'Tree is empty' ); // Reach leftmost node Node ptr = root ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; // One by one print successors while ( ptr != null ) { System . out . printf ( '%d ' ptr . info ); ptr = inorderSuccessor ( ptr ); } } // Driver Program public static void main ( String [] args ) { Node root = null ; root = insert ( root 20 ); root = insert ( root 10 ); root = insert ( root 30 ); root = insert ( root 5 ); root = insert ( root 16 ); root = insert ( root 14 ); root = insert ( root 17 ); root = insert ( root 13 ); inorder ( root ); } } //contributed by Arnab Kundu // This code is updated By Susobhan Akhuli
Python3 # Insertion in Threaded Binary Search Tree. class newNode : def __init__ ( self key ): # False if left pointer points to # predecessor in Inorder Traversal self . info = key self . left = None self . right = None self . lthread = True # False if right pointer points to # successor in Inorder Traversal self . rthread = True # Insert a Node in Binary Threaded Tree def insert ( root ikey ): # Searching for a Node with given value ptr = root par = None # Parent of key to be inserted while ptr != None : # If key already exists return if ikey == ( ptr . info ): print ( 'Duplicate Key !' ) return root par = ptr # Update parent pointer # Moving on left subtree. if ikey < ptr . info : if ptr . lthread == False : ptr = ptr . left else : break # Moving on right subtree. else : if ptr . rthread == False : ptr = ptr . right else : break # Create a new node tmp = newNode ( ikey ) if par == None : root = tmp tmp . left = None tmp . right = None elif ikey < ( par . info ): tmp . left = par . left tmp . right = par par . lthread = False par . left = tmp else : tmp . left = par tmp . right = par . right par . rthread = False par . right = tmp return root # Returns inorder successor using rthread def inorderSuccessor ( ptr ): # If rthread is set we can quickly find if ptr . rthread == True : return ptr . right # Else return leftmost child of # right subtree ptr = ptr . right while ptr . lthread == False : ptr = ptr . left return ptr # Printing the threaded tree def inorder ( root ): if root == None : print ( 'Tree is empty' ) # Reach leftmost node ptr = root while ptr . lthread == False : ptr = ptr . left # One by one print successors while ptr != None : print ( ptr . info end = ' ' ) ptr = inorderSuccessor ( ptr ) # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__' : root = None root = insert ( root 20 ) root = insert ( root 10 ) root = insert ( root 30 ) root = insert ( root 5 ) root = insert ( root 16 ) root = insert ( root 14 ) root = insert ( root 17 ) root = insert ( root 13 ) inorder ( root ) # This code is contributed by PranchalK
C# using System ; // C# program Insertion in Threaded Binary Search Tree. public class solution { public class Node { public Node left right ; public int info ; // False if left pointer points to predecessor // in Inorder Traversal public bool lthread ; // False if right pointer points to successor // in Inorder Traversal public bool rthread ; } // Insert a Node in Binary Threaded Tree public static Node insert ( Node root int ikey ) { // Searching for a Node with given value Node ptr = root ; Node par = null ; // Parent of key to be inserted while ( ptr != null ) { // If key already exists return if ( ikey == ( ptr . info )) { Console . Write ( 'Duplicate Key !n' ); return root ; } par = ptr ; // Update parent pointer // Moving on left subtree. if ( ikey < ptr . info ) { if ( ptr . lthread == false ) { ptr = ptr . left ; } else { break ; } } // Moving on right subtree. else { if ( ptr . rthread == false ) { ptr = ptr . right ; } else { break ; } } } // Create a new node Node tmp = new Node (); tmp . info = ikey ; tmp . lthread = true ; tmp . rthread = true ; if ( par == null ) { root = tmp ; tmp . left = null ; tmp . right = null ; } else if ( ikey < ( par . info )) { tmp . left = par . left ; tmp . right = par ; par . lthread = false ; par . left = tmp ; } else { tmp . left = par ; tmp . right = par . right ; par . rthread = false ; par . right = tmp ; } return root ; } // Returns inorder successor using rthread public static Node inorderSuccessor ( Node ptr ) { // If rthread is set we can quickly find if ( ptr . rthread == true ) { return ptr . right ; } // Else return leftmost child of right subtree ptr = ptr . right ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) { ptr = ptr . left ; } return ptr ; } // Printing the threaded tree public static void inorder ( Node root ) { if ( root == null ) { Console . Write ( 'Tree is empty' ); } // Reach leftmost node Node ptr = root ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) { ptr = ptr . left ; } // One by one print successors while ( ptr != null ) { Console . Write ( '{0:D} ' ptr . info ); ptr = inorderSuccessor ( ptr ); } } // Driver Program public static void Main ( string [] args ) { Node root = null ; root = insert ( root 20 ); root = insert ( root 10 ); root = insert ( root 30 ); root = insert ( root 5 ); root = insert ( root 16 ); root = insert ( root 14 ); root = insert ( root 17 ); root = insert ( root 13 ); inorder ( root ); } } // This code is contributed by Shrikant13
JavaScript < script > // javascript program Insertion in Threaded Binary Search Tree. class Node { constructor (){ this . left = null this . right = null ; this . info = 0 ; // False if left pointer points to predecessor // in Inorder Traversal this . lthread = false ; // False if right pointer points to successor // in Inorder Traversal this . rthread = false ; } } // Insert a Node in Binary Threaded Tree function insert ( root ikey ) { // Searching for a Node with given value var ptr = root ; var par = null ; // Parent of key to be inserted while ( ptr != null ) { // If key already exists return if ( ikey == ( ptr . info )) { document . write ( 'Duplicate Key !n' ); return root ; } par = ptr ; // Update parent pointer // Moving on left subtree. if ( ikey < ptr . info ) { if ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; else break ; } // Moving on right subtree. else { if ( ptr . rthread == false ) ptr = ptr . right ; else break ; } } // Create a new node var tmp = new Node (); tmp . info = ikey ; tmp . lthread = true ; tmp . rthread = true ; if ( par == null ) { root = tmp ; tmp . left = null ; tmp . right = null ; } else if ( ikey < ( par . info )) { tmp . left = par . left ; tmp . right = par ; par . lthread = false ; par . left = tmp ; } else { tmp . left = par ; tmp . right = par . right ; par . rthread = false ; par . right = tmp ; } return root ; } // Returns inorder successor using rthread function inorderSuccessor ( ptr ) { // If rthread is set we can quickly find if ( ptr . rthread == true ) return ptr . right ; // Else return leftmost child of right subtree ptr = ptr . right ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; return ptr ; } // Printing the threaded tree function inorder ( root ) { if ( root == null ) document . write ( 'Tree is empty' ); // Reach leftmost node var ptr = root ; while ( ptr . lthread == false ) ptr = ptr . left ; // One by one print successors while ( ptr != null ) { document . write ( ptr . info + ' ' ); ptr = inorderSuccessor ( ptr ); } } // Driver Program var root = null ; root = insert ( root 20 ); root = insert ( root 10 ); root = insert ( root 30 ); root = insert ( root 5 ); root = insert ( root 16 ); root = insert ( root 14 ); root = insert ( root 17 ); root = insert ( root 13 ); inorder ( root ); // This code contributed by aashish1995 < /script>
Izlaz
5 10 13 14 16 17 20 30
Vremenska složenost: O(log N)
Prostorna složenost: O(1) budući da se ne koristi dodatni prostor.
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